Correct Answer: depends on the size of the footing
Explanation: The bearing capacity of a soil is influenced by factors such as the size of the footing. The larger the footing, the more it can distribute the load and, therefore, affect the bearing capacity.
Correct Answer: drainage
Explanation: For waterlogged soil, improving drainage can enhance its bearing capacity. Proper drainage helps reduce excess water content, making the soil more stable and capable of supporting loads.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: Black cotton soil exhibits volumetric changes, swelling significantly when wet and shrinking excessively when dry. These characteristics make it crucial to consider in construction.
Correct Answer: watering the surface of the soil
Explanation: Unlike draining sub-soil water or ramming crushed stone, watering the surface of the soil does not contribute to improving its bearing capacity.
Correct Answer: grain size of the soil
Explanation: The grain size of the soil is a key factor influencing the bearing capacity. Different soil types with varying grain sizes exhibit different bearing capacities.
Correct Answer: load intensity beyond which the soil should not be loaded
Explanation: The safe bearing capacity is the maximum load intensity that the soil can safely support without undergoing excessive settlement or failure.
Correct Answer: increases with an increase in the area of footing
Explanation: The bearing capacity typically increases with a larger footing area, as it helps distribute the load over a larger surface area.
Correct Answer: none of the above
Explanation: The self-weight of the footing is not considered in calculations for upward soil pressure or while determining the area of the footing.
Correct Answer: B.C. of soil
Explanation: The depth of foundation is determined based on the bearing capacity (B.C.) of the soil, ensuring that the foundation extends to a depth where the soil can support the structure effectively.
Correct Answer: bore piles
Explanation: Under rammed piles are typically bore piles, formed by driving a casing into the ground and then filling it with concrete after removing the casing.
Correct Answer: weathering-transportation-deposition-upheaval
Explanation: The geologic cycle for soil formation involves weathering of rocks, transportation of soil particles, deposition, and finally, upheaval or uplift.
Correct Answer: both bearing capacity and settlement of foundation
Explanation: A plate load test is conducted to determine both the bearing capacity and settlement characteristics of the foundation soil.
Correct Answer: thin wall samplers
Explanation: Undisturbed soil samples are best obtained using thin-wall samplers, ensuring minimal disturbance to the soil structure during extraction.
Correct Answer: cohesive soils
Explanation: Westergaard analysis is commonly used for analyzing the bearing capacity of cohesive soils.
Correct Answer: has a depth of embedment less than its width
Explanation: A shallow foundation is characterized by a depth of embedment that is less than its width, making it suitable for structures with relatively low loads and causing less settlement.
Correct Answer: black cotton soil
Explanation: Black cotton soil is an example of cohesive soil, characterized by its high clay content and the ability of its particles to stick together.
Correct Answer: both (a) and (b)
Explanation: The settlement of a soil is directly proportional to the depth of compressible soil strata and the compression index, which reflects the compressibility characteristics of the soil.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: The maximum permissible value of dry density is referred to as zero air voids, saturation dry density, and simply dry density, depending on the context.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: Sedimentation analysis assumes that soil particles are spherical, settle independently of other particles, and the wall of the jar does not affect the settlement process.
Correct Answer: zero
Explanation: The permissible tension on the soil under footings subjected to combined compression and bending is typically considered zero to prevent tensile failure in the soil.
Correct Answer: the number of columns is two and they are spaced close to each other
Explanation: Combined footings are generally used when there are two columns, and they are spaced close to each other, requiring a common footing for stability.
Correct Answer: strip foundation
Explanation: In a row of columns, strip foundations are commonly used to support multiple columns along a linear path.
Correct Answer: strap footing
Explanation: A strap footing involves a cantilever beam connecting two individual footings to improve load distribution and foundation stability.
Correct Answer: strap beam
Explanation: Individual footings under a strap footing are connected by a strap beam, which helps distribute loads between them.
Correct Answer: grillage foundation
Explanation: Grillage foundations are suitable for transferring heavy loads and are often used in structures with high load-bearing requirements.
Correct Answer: pier footing
Explanation: Pier footings are suitable for supporting heavy structures in sandy soil, providing concentrated support points.
Correct Answer: stability of structure
Explanation: Foundations are placed below ground level to increase the stability of the structure by providing a secure and robust base.
Correct Answer: waterlogged soils
Explanation: Pile foundations are suitable for supporting structures in waterlogged soils where traditional foundations may not be effective.
Correct Answer: 50% of the total area
Explanation: Raft foundations are preferred when the area required for individual footings is more than 50% of the total area, providing a continuous and stable base.
Correct Answer: equal to overburden pressure
Explanation: Below a floating foundation, the intensity of pressure is typically equal to the overburden pressure, as the foundation displaces water or soil, causing buoyancy.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: The statement “all of the above” is true. Clays are generally more prevalent than sands, organic matter in soil can reduce bearing capacity, and aluminous cement may be used in foundations dealing with chemical deposits.
Correct Answer: both (a) and (b)
Explanation: The quantity of seepage is proportional to the coefficient of permeability of the soil and the total head loss. Both factors contribute to the flow of water through the soil.
Correct Answer: relative settlement of soil
Explanation: Negative skin friction on a pile occurs due to the relative settlement of the soil around the pile. This can lead to additional downward forces on the pile.
Correct Answer: decreases the pile capacity
Explanation: Negative skin friction reduces the effective capacity of the pile by adding downward forces. This decreases the overall pile capacity.
Correct Answer: friction piles in soft clays
Explanation: Negative skin friction is more common in friction piles in soft clays. The soft nature of the soil contributes to the development of downward forces on the piles.
Correct Answer: both (a) and (b)
Explanation: Skin frictional resistance is caused by both the relative settlement of the soil and the pile. It is the resistance developed along the surface of the pile in contact with the soil.
Correct Answer: hard rocks
Explanation: Hard rocks generally have the maximum bearing capacity among the given options. They can withstand significant loads without excessive settlement.
Correct Answer: moist clays
Explanation: Moist clays typically have lower bearing capacity compared to other types of soils. The high water content and compressibility of clays contribute to reduced bearing capacity.
Correct Answer: replacing the poor soil
Explanation: For foundations on black cotton soil, replacing the poor soil is a common method to improve bearing capacity. This involves removing the problematic soil and replacing it with better-suited material.
Correct Answer: 90cm
Explanation: The minimum depth of the foundation on clayey soil is typically considered to be 90cm to ensure adequate bearing capacity and stability.
Correct Answer: 40mm
Explanation: The maximum allowable differential settlement for foundations on clayey soils is often limited to 40mm to prevent uneven settling of the structure.
Correct Answer: 65mm
Explanation: The maximum total settlement for isolated foundations on clayey soils is commonly limited to 65mm to control overall settling and maintain structural stability.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: Foundations in black cotton soils may involve going to a depth where cracks do not extend, limiting loads to 5t/m2, and using trenches filled with sand to minimize direct contact with the problematic soil.
Correct Answer: raft footing
Explanation: Foundations on weaker soils often use raft footings to provide a broader base and distribute the load, reducing the risk of settlement.
Correct Answer: B/6
Explanation: The maximum permissible eccentricity of load in a rectangular foundation of width ‘B’ is typically limited to B/6 to control the eccentricity and prevent uneven loading on the foundation.
Correct Answer: property to undergo a volumetric change due to moisture constant
Explanation: Black cotton soil is unsuitable for foundations due to its property of undergoing volumetric changes with changes in moisture content. These changes can lead to settlement and instability.
Correct Answer: scaffolding
Explanation: Scaffolding is a temporary rigid structure with platforms used by masons to work at different stages of a building. It provides support for construction and maintenance purposes.
Correct Answer: shoring
Explanation: Shoring is the arrangement made to support an unsafe structure temporarily. It involves providing additional support to prevent collapse during construction or maintenance.
Correct Answer: underpinning
Explanation: Underpinning is the arrangement of supporting an existing structure by providing supports underneath. It is done to strengthen the foundation or address stability issues.
Correct Answer: ashlar
Explanation: Ashlar masonry involves stones that are chisel-dressed on all beds and joints to create a uniform, perfectly vertical, and horizontal joint. It is a precise and refined form of masonry.
Correct Answer: headers
Explanation: For hearthing of thick walls, headers are commonly used. Headers are bricks laid with the short end facing out, providing thickness to the wall.
Correct Answer: 2t+150
Explanation: According to thumb’s rule, the width of the wall footing is typically 2t+150, where ‘t’ is the thickness of the wall.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: Lintels are preferred over arches because arches can be difficult to construct, require strong abutments to withstand thrust, and may need more headroom to span an opening.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: A brick masonry may fail due to rupture along a vertical joint, shearing along a horizontal plane, or crushing due to overloading.
Correct Answer: racking back
Explanation: The termination of an unfinished wall in a stepped fashion is known as racking back. This step-like pattern provides a smooth transition for further construction.
Correct Answer: toothing
Explanation: The work in which bricks are left projecting out in a masonry wall is known as toothing. It facilitates the proper bonding of new construction to existing work.
Correct Answer: jointing
Explanation: The work of finishing the mortar joints along with the wall construction is known as jointing. It involves creating smooth and well-finished joints between bricks.
Correct Answer: pointing
Explanation: The operation of finishing the mortar joints after the completion of a masonry wall is known as pointing. It enhances the appearance and durability of the joints.
Correct Answer: dubbing out
Explanation: The process of filling hollow spaces of walls before plastering is known as dubbing out. It involves adding additional material to create an even surface.
Correct Answer: abutment
Explanation: The structure on which an arch rests is called an abutment. Abutments provide support and stability for the arch structure.
Correct Answer: 560
Explanation: The number of bricks required for one cubic meter of masonry wall is approximately 560. This can vary based on the size and thickness of the bricks used.
Correct Answer: hacking
Explanation: Hacking is the process of making the background rough before plastering. It involves creating a textured surface to enhance the adhesion of plaster.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: A retaining wall can be built using brick masonry, stone masonry, plain cement concrete, or a combination of these materials.
Correct Answer: 1 m
Explanation: The maximum height of a masonry wall that can be constructed in one day is generally around 1 meter. This depends on factors such as weather conditions and workforce.
Correct Answer: 11/2 brick wall
Explanation: The minimum thickness of the wall where a single Flemish bond can be used is typically 11/2 brick wall. This bond requires a certain thickness for proper construction.
Correct Answer: stretcher
Explanation: The brick laid with its length parallel to the face of a wall is known as a stretcher. It is a common orientation in bricklaying.
Correct Answer: header
Explanation: The brick laid with its breadth parallel to the face of a wall is known as a header. It provides thickness to the wall.
Correct Answer: perpend
Explanation: The alignment of a cross joint along the plumb line is called a perpend. It is a vertical joint in masonry.
Correct Answer: frieze
Explanation: The course of stone placed immediately below the cornice along the face of the wall is known as a frieze. It is a decorative element.
Correct Answer: 0.5, 1, and 1.5
Explanation: The minimum width of stretcher bond is 0.5 bricks, header bond is 1 brick, and single Flemish bond is 1.5 bricks, respectively.
Correct Answer: heat insulation
Explanation: The main purpose of a cavity wall is heat insulation. The air gap between the inner and outer layers provides thermal resistance.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: A cavity wall prevents dampness, has a lesser dead load, and provides better insulation for heat and sound.
Correct Answer: air gap
Explanation: A cavity wall is provided with an air gap between the inner and outer layers.
Correct Answer: air space is filled with suitable material
Explanation: The air space in a cavity wall is not typically filled with material. It remains as an empty space.
Correct Answer: leaf wall
Explanation: The inner section of a cavity wall is generally known as the leaf wall. It is the layer that forms the interior surface of the wall.
Correct Answer: buttress
Explanation: Buttress walls are not primarily designed for taking lateral loads. They are structural supports built against a wall to provide additional strength and stability.
Correct Answer: brick on end
Explanation: When a brick is laid on its side 9 cm x 9 cm with its frog in the vertical plane, it is referred to as “brick on end.”
Correct Answer: header
Explanation: The 9 cm x 9 cm side of a brick as seen in the wall face is generally known as the “header” of the brick.
Correct Answer: stretcher
Explanation: The 9 cm x 9 cm side of a brick as seen in the wall face is generally known as the “stretcher” of the brick.
Correct Answer: less
Explanation: The thickness of joints in the header course should be less compared to the stretcher course for better stability and appearance.
Correct Answer: bed joint
Explanation: A horizontal mortar joint on which masonry units are laid is called the “bed joint.”
Correct Answer: bat
Explanation: The cut or broken portion of a brick is called a “bat.”
Correct Answer: squint
Explanation: The brick of special shape used in brick masonry is called a “squint.”
Correct Answer: closer
Explanation: The part of a brick cut from a whole brick to maintain the bond is known as a “closer.”
Correct Answer: queen closer
Explanation: The portion of a brick obtained by cutting a brick lengthwise into two directions is known as a “queen closer.”
Correct Answer: 2
Explanation: The area covered by flat brick soling is approximately 2 times for brick on edge.
Correct Answer: two
Explanation: The ratio of the number of vertical joints in the header course to that of the stretcher course is equal to two.
Correct Answer: wall joint
Explanation: A joint in the masonry parallel to the face of the wall is called a “wall joint.”
Correct Answer: cross joint
Explanation: A joint in the masonry normal to the face of the wall is called a “cross joint.”
Correct Answer: 20
Explanation: The slenderness ratio for masonry walls should not be more than 20 for stability and safety.
Correct Answer: corbel
Explanation: The load-bearing cantilever projection from the face of a masonry wall is called a “corbel.”
Correct Answer: jamb
Explanation: The part of a wall at the side of an opening in the masonry is known as the “jamb.”
Correct Answer: quoin
Explanation: The exterior angle between outer faces of a wall is known as a “quoin.”
Correct Answer: bed block
Explanation: A block of stone placed on a wall or column to distribute the load to the masonry is called a “bed block.”
Correct Answer: 10
Explanation: The typical thickness of a bed joint and cross joint in brick masonry is about 10 mm.
Correct Answer: 20 mm
Explanation: The normal thickness of an expansion joint in masonry walls must be more than 20 mm for effective expansion relief.
Correct Answer: 40 m
Explanation: Expansion joints in masonry walls are typically provided in wall lengths more than 40 m to accommodate thermal expansion.
Correct Answer: trowel
Explanation: In brick laying, the tool used for lifting and spreading mortar and for forming joints is a “trowel.”
Correct Answer: pilaster
Explanation: The thickened portion of a masonry wall is called a “pilaster.”
Correct Answer: buttress
Explanation: The stepped structure provided to provide lateral support for a structure is known as a “buttress.”
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