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301. Marginal placentation is most correctly identified when ovules are attached:
ⓐ. On the inner wall of a unilocular ovary at many scattered points
ⓑ. On a central column in a unilocular ovary without septa
ⓒ. At the base of a unilocular ovary in a single cluster
ⓓ. Along the ventral suture of a unilocular ovary in one row
Correct Answer: Along the ventral suture of a unilocular ovary in one row
Explanation: Marginal placentation occurs when the placenta forms a ridge along the ventral suture of a single carpel, and ovules are borne along this margin. Because it is typically derived from a monocarpellary ovary, the ovary remains unilocular, and the ovules line the margin rather than a central axis or the entire inner wall. The “ventral suture” clue is essential, as it points to the fused margins of the carpel. This placentation is classically seen in many legumes and is tested through ovary-cut diagrams. Hence, ovules along the ventral suture in a unilocular ovary indicate marginal placentation.
302. A flower with a monocarpellary, unilocular ovary bearing ovules on the margin most likely shows:
ⓐ. Marginal placentation
ⓑ. Axile placentation
ⓒ. Parietal placentation
ⓓ. Free-central placentation
Correct Answer: Marginal placentation
Explanation: A monocarpellary ovary usually forms a single chamber (unilocular), and when ovules arise along the margin where the carpel’s edges meet, the placentation is marginal. Axile placentation requires a central axis formed by fused carpels with septa, which does not fit a monocarpellary unilocular condition. Parietal placentation places ovules on the inner wall of a syncarpous but unilocular ovary, which is a different structural basis. Free-central has a central column without septa, again not matching margin attachment. Therefore, the described ovary corresponds to marginal placentation.
303. Axile placentation is best described as ovules attached:
ⓐ. On the ovary wall in a unilocular ovary formed by one carpel
ⓑ. At the base of the ovary in a single basal placenta
ⓒ. On the central axis of a multilocular ovary formed by fused carpels
ⓓ. On a free central column in a unilocular ovary without septa
Correct Answer: On the central axis of a multilocular ovary formed by fused carpels
Explanation: Axile placentation occurs in a syncarpous gynoecium where carpels fuse and septa form, dividing the ovary into multiple chambers. The placentae are located on the central axis where the fused carpels meet, so ovules are borne on this axis. This arrangement is closely linked with a multilocular ovary in cross-section, making it easy to test through diagrams. It differs from parietal placentation, where ovules are on the wall, and from free-central, where septa are absent. Hence, ovules on the central axis of a multilocular ovary indicate axile placentation.
304. In a transverse section of an ovary showing axile placentation, you would most likely observe:
ⓐ. One chamber with ovules scattered on the ovary wall
ⓑ. Several chambers with septa meeting at a central placenta
ⓒ. One chamber with a free central column bearing ovules
ⓓ. One chamber with ovules only at the base
Correct Answer: Several chambers with septa meeting at a central placenta
Explanation: Axile placentation is recognized by a multilocular ovary in cross-section, where septa partition the ovary into distinct chambers. These septa converge toward the center, and the placenta is located on the central axis, bearing the ovules. This structural pattern results from fusion of carpels (syncarpous condition) and is a frequent diagram-based question. It clearly separates axile from free-central placentation, which lacks septa, and from parietal placentation, which is typically unilocular with wall attachment. Therefore, multiple chambers with central meeting septa support axile placentation.
305. Which example is most commonly associated with marginal placentation?
ⓐ. Pea
ⓑ. Tomato
ⓒ. China rose
ⓓ. Lemon
Correct Answer: Pea
Explanation: Pea is a classic example used to illustrate marginal placentation, where the ovary is typically monocarpellary and unilocular, and ovules are borne along the ventral suture. This matches the fundamental definition of marginal placentation based on carpel margin attachment. Many MCQs test this by pairing pea with “marginal” and contrasting it with plants having axile placentation. The key is that the ovules are not on the central axis with septa but along a single margin line. Hence, pea is commonly associated with marginal placentation.
306. Which example is most commonly associated with axile placentation?
ⓐ. Pea
ⓑ. Bean
ⓒ. Cucumber
ⓓ. Tomato
Correct Answer: Tomato
Explanation: Tomato is commonly cited as an example of axile placentation because its ovary is formed by fused carpels and is typically multilocular, with ovules attached to the central axis. This matches the defining feature of axile placentation—central placenta with septa creating chambers. In contrast, pea and bean are standard examples of marginal placentation due to monocarpellary ovaries with ovules on the ventral margin. Using examples helps anchor the abstract definition to real plants, which is why tomato is frequently used in examinations. Therefore, tomato is a common example of axile placentation.
307. A student observes an ovary with multiple locules and ovules attached centrally where septa converge. The correct placentation is:
ⓐ. Marginal
ⓑ. Axile
ⓒ. Parietal
ⓓ. Basal
Correct Answer: Axile
Explanation: Multiple locules indicate that septa are present, which typically results from fusion of carpels in a syncarpous ovary. When these septa meet at the center and ovules are attached along this central axis, the placentation is axile. This combination of “multilocular + central attachment” is the most diagnostic pairing for axile placentation in board and competitive questions. Marginal placentation is usually unilocular with ovules along the ventral suture, so it does not match the observation. Hence, the correct placentation here is axile.
308. Which statement correctly contrasts marginal and axile placentation?
ⓐ. Marginal is always multilocular; axile is always unilocular
ⓑ. Marginal has ovules on a free central column; axile has ovules on the wall
ⓒ. Marginal has ovules along a carpel margin; axile has ovules on a central axis
ⓓ. Marginal has ovules only at the base; axile has ovules only at the apex
Correct Answer: Marginal has ovules along a carpel margin; axile has ovules on a central axis
Explanation: Marginal placentation is defined by ovules attached along the margin (ventral suture) of a carpel, commonly in a unilocular, monocarpellary ovary. Axile placentation is defined by ovules attached to a central axis formed by fused carpels, usually in a multilocular ovary with septa. This contrast is fundamental and is frequently tested through both definitions and ovary cross-sections. The key differentiators are “margin vs central axis” and “typically unilocular vs typically multilocular.” Therefore, the correct contrast is margin attachment for marginal and central axis attachment for axile placentation.
309. If an ovary is described as syncarpous and multilocular with a central placenta, the best inference is:
ⓐ. Axile placentation
ⓑ. Marginal placentation
ⓒ. Basal placentation
ⓓ. Free-central placentation
Correct Answer: Axile placentation
Explanation: Syncarpous means carpels are fused, and multilocular indicates that septa divide the ovary into chambers. When the placenta is central under such conditions, it is formed at the meeting line of fused carpels, which is exactly the structural basis of axile placentation. Free-central placentation may have a central column but typically lacks septa, so it is not the best fit when multilocular is stated. Marginal placentation is typically monocarpellary and unilocular with ovules along a margin, which contradicts the given features. Hence, a syncarpous multilocular ovary with central placenta indicates axile placentation.
310. A unilocular ovary formed by a single carpel, with ovules arranged in a line on one side, indicates:
ⓐ. Axile placentation
ⓑ. Parietal placentation
ⓒ. Basal placentation
ⓓ. Marginal placentation
Correct Answer: Marginal placentation
Explanation: A single carpel forming a unilocular ovary strongly supports a monocarpellary gynoecium, and ovules arranged along one side in a line points to attachment on the carpel margin (ventral suture). This is the defining pattern of marginal placentation and is commonly tested using descriptions of “one chamber + one-sided ovule line.” Axile placentation requires a central axis with septa and is usually multilocular, so it does not match. Parietal placentation involves wall attachment in a syncarpous unilocular ovary, which is structurally different from a single-carpel margin. Therefore, the described ovary shows marginal placentation.
311. Parietal placentation is best identified when ovules are attached:
ⓐ. To a central axis in a multilocular ovary
ⓑ. To a free central column without septa
ⓒ. To the inner wall of a unilocular, syncarpous ovary
ⓓ. Only at the base of a unilocular ovary
Correct Answer: To the inner wall of a unilocular, syncarpous ovary
Explanation: Parietal placentation occurs when carpels are fused (syncarpous), but the ovary remains unilocular because septa are absent or incomplete. The placenta develops on the inner wall of the ovary, and ovules are borne along these wall regions where the carpels meet. In transverse section, the chamber is single, yet ovules appear attached peripherally rather than centrally. This pattern is a common exam trap against axile placentation, which is multilocular with a central axis. The key diagnostic is “unilocular + wall attachment.” Hence, inner wall attachment in a unilocular syncarpous ovary indicates parietal placentation.
312. Basal placentation is correctly described as ovules attached:
ⓐ. At the base of the ovary in a single placenta
ⓑ. On the ovary wall at several points around the margin
ⓒ. On a central axis with septa forming locules
ⓓ. Along the ventral suture of a single carpel
Correct Answer: At the base of the ovary in a single placenta
Explanation: In basal placentation, the placenta is positioned at the base of the ovary, and ovules arise from this basal region. The ovary is commonly unilocular, and the attachment is concentrated at the bottom rather than on the wall or a central axis. This arrangement is identified by the clear “base-only” insertion point of ovules in diagrams or descriptions. It contrasts with free-central placentation where a central column bears ovules, and with parietal placentation where the wall bears ovules. The essential clue is a single basal point of attachment. Therefore, basal placentation means ovules are attached at the base of the ovary.
313. Free-central placentation is best identified when ovules are borne:
ⓐ. On the inner wall with incomplete septa
ⓑ. At the base in a single cluster
ⓒ. On a central axis in a multilocular ovary
ⓓ. On a free central column in a unilocular ovary
Correct Answer: On a free central column in a unilocular ovary
Explanation: Free-central placentation features a unilocular ovary where ovules are attached to a central column that is not connected to the ovary wall by septa. The central column represents the placenta, and the absence of septa is the key distinction from axile placentation. In cross-section, you see one chamber with a central structure bearing ovules, giving a clear “central but free” appearance. This placentation is tested to ensure students do not equate any central ovule attachment with axile. The decisive cues are “unilocular + free central column.” Hence, free-central placentation involves ovules on a free central column in a unilocular ovary.
314. A transverse section shows a unilocular ovary with ovules attached to the inner wall at two opposite regions. The placentation is:
ⓐ. Axile
ⓑ. Parietal
ⓒ. Basal
ⓓ. Marginal
Correct Answer: Parietal
Explanation: A unilocular ovary indicates that distinct septa are not partitioning the chamber into multiple locules. When ovules are attached to the inner wall, especially at distinct regions corresponding to fused carpel margins, the pattern fits parietal placentation. This is a common diagram style where wall-based placentae appear as two or more patches along the periphery. Axile placentation would show a central axis with septa creating multiple locules, which is not seen here. Basal placentation would concentrate ovules at the base rather than along the wall. Therefore, a unilocular ovary with wall attachment indicates parietal placentation.
315. Which example is most commonly used for parietal placentation in basic morphology?
ⓐ. Mustard
ⓑ. Pea
ⓒ. Tomato
ⓓ. Sunflower
Correct Answer: Mustard
Explanation: Mustard is a frequently cited example for parietal placentation, where ovules are borne on the inner wall of a unilocular ovary formed by fused carpels. In standard classroom comparisons, pea is used for marginal placentation and tomato for axile placentation, making mustard a convenient contrast for parietal. The exam focus is on linking a familiar plant with the correct ovule attachment position rather than flower symmetry or ovary position. Parietal placentation is recognized by wall-based placentae rather than a central axis with locules. Hence, mustard is commonly used as an example of parietal placentation.
316. A key structural difference between parietal and free-central placentation is:
ⓐ. Both are always multilocular with septa
ⓑ. Parietal has basal ovules, free-central has marginal ovules
ⓒ. Parietal has ovules on the wall, free-central has ovules on a central column
ⓓ. Parietal occurs only in monocots, free-central only in dicots
Correct Answer: Parietal has ovules on the wall, free-central has ovules on a central column
Explanation: Parietal placentation places ovules on the inner wall of a unilocular syncarpous ovary, typically along regions where carpels meet. Free-central placentation also has a unilocular ovary, but ovules are attached to a free-standing central column, not to the wall. This distinction is especially important because both may appear unilocular in section, leading to confusion if students focus only on “one chamber.” The correct comparison must use the site of placental tissue: wall versus free central column. This is a standard competitive-style trap question. Therefore, parietal is wall-based, while free-central is central-column-based.
317. A transverse section shows a single chamber with a central column bearing ovules, and no septa reaching the wall. This indicates:
ⓐ. Axile placentation
ⓑ. Marginal placentation
ⓒ. Parietal placentation
ⓓ. Free-central placentation
Correct Answer: Free-central placentation
Explanation: The presence of a single chamber confirms the ovary is unilocular, and the absence of septa rules out axile placentation, which requires septa and multiple locules. A central column bearing ovules is the defining structural feature of free-central placentation. Parietal placentation would show ovules attached to the ovary wall, not to a central column. Marginal placentation is typically a single carpel with ovules along one margin rather than a central column. The combined cues “unilocular + central free column + no septa” are decisive. Hence, the placentation is free-central.
318. Which statement best supports basal placentation in a diagram-based question?
ⓐ. Ovules are attached along the ovary wall at several points
ⓑ. Ovules arise from the base of the ovary with no central column
ⓒ. Ovules are attached to a central axis with clear septa forming locules
ⓓ. Ovules are attached along the ventral suture of a single carpel
Correct Answer: Ovules arise from the base of the ovary with no central column
Explanation: Basal placentation is identified by ovules attached at the base of the ovary, often appearing as a single basal attachment region rather than wall patches or a central axis. The absence of a central column helps separate it from free-central placentation. Clear septa and multiple locules would point toward axile placentation, not basal. Marginal placentation would place ovules along the carpel margin, typically in a line on one side. In exam diagrams, basal placentation is the most direct when the ovules are clustered at the bottom of the chamber. Therefore, basal placentation is supported by ovules arising from the base without a central column.
319. Which example is most commonly associated with basal placentation in school-level morphology?
ⓐ. Sunflower
ⓑ. Mustard
ⓒ. Tomato
ⓓ. Pea
Correct Answer: Sunflower
Explanation: Sunflower is commonly used as a reference example for basal placentation, where the ovule is attached near the base of the ovary. This pairing is frequently tested alongside mustard for parietal and tomato for axile to assess conceptual separation of placentation types. The key idea is not the inflorescence type but the site of ovule attachment within the ovary. Basal placentation is recognized by a basal placenta rather than wall or central-axis attachment. Using sunflower as a standard example helps students quickly map “basal” to “base attachment.” Hence, sunflower is commonly associated with basal placentation.
320. A unilocular ovary with placental tissue on the inner wall (not a free central column) is best classified as:
ⓐ. Axile
ⓑ. Marginal
ⓒ. Parietal
ⓓ. Basal
Correct Answer: Parietal
Explanation: A unilocular ovary indicates there are no complete septa creating multiple chambers, which rules out axile placentation in typical exam contexts. When placental tissue is located on the inner wall and ovules arise from that wall region, the correct classification is parietal placentation. Free-central placentation also has a unilocular ovary, but it specifically requires a free-standing central column bearing ovules, which is absent here. Basal placentation would concentrate ovules at the base rather than along the wall. The decisive evidence is “wall-based placenta in a single chamber.” Therefore, the ovary shows parietal placentation.
321. Monadelphous condition in androecium means:
ⓐ. Anthers are fused into a single body while filaments remain free
ⓑ. Filaments are united into one bundle while anthers remain free
ⓒ. Filaments are united into two bundles while anthers remain free
ⓓ. Stamens are attached to petals due to fusion with corolla
Correct Answer: Filaments are united into one bundle while anthers remain free
Explanation: Monadelphous androecium refers to fusion (cohesion) among filaments of stamens into a single bundle. The anthers generally remain free, which is important because the fusion is mainly of filaments, not anthers. This feature is used to classify androecium based on cohesion, meaning fusion among similar floral parts. It is commonly seen as a staminal tube formed by united filaments, which can surround the gynoecium. Students often confuse monadelphous with diadelphous (two bundles) or with epipetalous condition (adhesion to petals). Hence, monadelphous means filaments united into one bundle with free anthers.
322. The best example commonly cited for monadelphous androecium is:
ⓐ. Pea
ⓑ. China rose (Hibiscus)
ⓒ. Mustard
ⓓ. Sunflower
Correct Answer: China rose (Hibiscus)
Explanation: China rose is classically described as having monadelphous stamens where numerous filaments unite to form a staminal tube. The anthers remain free on the top of the tube, which is a key visible feature in the open flower. This example is frequently used to contrast with pea, which shows diadelphous condition in many cases. The question tests linking a definition to a standard example rather than confusing it with placentation or aestivation. The monadelphous feature in China rose supports easy identification in morphology-based MCQs. Therefore, China rose is a common example of monadelphous androecium.
323. In monadelphous condition, the fused structure formed by filaments is often termed:
ⓐ. Hypanthium
ⓑ. Staminal tube
ⓒ. Gynophore
ⓓ. Spathe
Correct Answer: Staminal tube
Explanation: When filaments unite into one bundle in monadelphous androecium, they commonly form a cylindrical or tube-like structure around the style, known as a staminal tube. This tube is created by cohesion among filaments and is distinct from hypanthium, which is a cup-shaped receptacle involved in ovary position. It is also different from gynophore, which is a stalk that elevates the gynoecium, and from spathe, which is a bract associated with certain inflorescences. Recognizing the term “staminal tube” helps connect the structural outcome to the cohesion definition. Hence, the fused filament structure is called a staminal tube.
324. Monadelphous androecium is a feature of:
ⓐ. Cohesion among stamens
ⓑ. Adhesion between stamens and petals
ⓒ. Fusion of carpels only
ⓓ. Union of sepals with petals
Correct Answer: Cohesion among stamens
Explanation: Monadelphous describes fusion among stamens themselves, specifically union of filaments into a single bundle. This is classified under cohesion because it involves fusion of parts of the same whorl (androecium). Adhesion would refer to fusion between different whorls, such as stamens attached to petals (epipetalous) or to perianth segments. The term does not describe carpel fusion or relationships among calyx and corolla. Many exam questions test whether students can separate cohesion and adhesion terminology in androecium. Therefore, monadelphous is a feature of cohesion among stamens.
325. Which statement correctly distinguishes monadelphous from diadelphous androecium?
ⓐ. Monadelphous has anthers fused; diadelphous has anthers free
ⓑ. Monadelphous has filaments in one bundle; diadelphous has filaments in two bundles
ⓒ. Monadelphous has stamens attached to petals; diadelphous has stamens attached to sepals
ⓓ. Monadelphous occurs only in unisexual flowers; diadelphous only in bisexual flowers
Correct Answer: Monadelphous has filaments in one bundle; diadelphous has filaments in two bundles
Explanation: The difference is based on the number of filament bundles formed by cohesion. In monadelphous condition, all filaments unite into a single bundle, often forming a staminal tube. In diadelphous condition, filaments unite into two separate bundles, which is classically seen as a 9+1 arrangement in many papilionaceous flowers. This distinction is independent of sexuality and does not depend on whether anthers are fused. The question targets precise use of “mono-” and “di-” in androecium classification. Hence, monadelphous is one filament bundle and diadelphous is two bundles.
326. A flower shows many stamens whose filaments are united into one cylinder around the style, while anthers remain separate. This is:
ⓐ. Syngenesious
ⓑ. Diadelphous
ⓒ. Monadelphous
ⓓ. Epipetalous
Correct Answer: Monadelphous
Explanation: A single cylindrical structure formed by united filaments is the hallmark of monadelphous androecium. The anthers remaining separate supports that the fusion is mainly of filaments, not of anthers, which rules out syngenesious condition where anthers unite. Diadelphous would form two filament bundles rather than one continuous cylinder. Epipetalous refers to attachment of stamens to petals, which is adhesion and not indicated here. The key clues are “one cylinder” and “filament union.” Therefore, the described androecium is monadelphous.
327. If anthers are united into a tube but filaments remain free, the condition is NOT monadelphous because monadelphous mainly involves:
ⓐ. Union of petals with sepals
ⓑ. Attachment of stamens to receptacle rim
ⓒ. Union of carpels into one ovary
ⓓ. Union of filaments into one bundle
Correct Answer: Union of filaments into one bundle
Explanation: Monadelphous is defined by filament cohesion into a single bundle, not by anther fusion. When anthers unite while filaments remain free, the condition is classified differently and does not meet the core criterion of monadelphous. This question checks whether students focus on the correct part of the stamen: filament versus anther. Filament union changes the appearance of the stamens at their base and often forms a tube, whereas anther union affects pollen-bearing structures. Recognizing that “-adelphous” refers to filament bundling is essential for accurate morphology answers. Hence, monadelphous mainly involves union of filaments into one bundle.
328. Which observation would best confirm monadelphous condition in a dissected flower?
ⓐ. Filaments form two separate bundles around the gynoecium
ⓑ. Filaments are separate but anthers stick together tightly
ⓒ. Stamens arise from petals rather than the receptacle
ⓓ. Filaments are fused into a single bundle while anthers are distinct
Correct Answer: Filaments are fused into a single bundle while anthers are distinct
Explanation: The most direct confirmation of monadelphous androecium is seeing filaments united into one bundle, often forming a tube-like structure, with anthers remaining free above. This combination matches the standard definition of monadelphous as cohesion of filaments into a single group. Two bundles would indicate diadelphous, and anther fusion would suggest a different condition altogether. Attachment to petals indicates adhesion (epipetalous), not filament cohesion. Therefore, fused filaments in one bundle with distinct anthers confirms monadelphous condition.
329. Monadelphous androecium is categorized under androecium “cohesion” because:
ⓐ. It involves fusion between stamens and petals
ⓑ. It involves fusion among stamens within the same whorl
ⓒ. It involves fusion between calyx and corolla
ⓓ. It involves fusion of placenta with ovary wall
Correct Answer: It involves fusion among stamens within the same whorl
Explanation: Cohesion refers to fusion among parts of the same floral whorl, and monadelphous fits this because it involves union of filaments of multiple stamens together. Adhesion, in contrast, refers to fusion between different whorls, such as stamens with petals. The classification is important in morphology because it helps describe flower structure precisely and predict related features in certain plant groups. Monadelphous does not describe ovary structures or placentation, so those are irrelevant. The key is “same whorl fusion,” which is the definition of cohesion. Hence, monadelphous is cohesion because it is fusion among stamens within the androecium.
330. In a standard monadelphous example, the anthers are typically:
ⓐ. Fused into one body forming an anther tube
ⓑ. Absent, making the flower sterile
ⓒ. Free from each other even though filaments are united
ⓓ. Attached to petals and not to filaments
Correct Answer: Free from each other even though filaments are united
Explanation: In monadelphous androecium, the fusion primarily involves filaments, producing a single bundle or staminal tube, while the anthers remain separate at the top. This arrangement is commonly described in standard examples and helps distinguish monadelphous from conditions involving anther fusion. The distinction is conceptually important because many classification questions depend on identifying exactly which stamen part is united. Even with filament union, each anther retains its individuality and pollen sacs. This preserves normal pollen release while providing a structural tube formed by filaments. Therefore, anthers are typically free even though filaments are united in monadelphous condition.
331. Diadelphous androecium means:
ⓐ. Filaments are united into two bundles while anthers remain free
ⓑ. Anthers are fused into a single tube while filaments remain free
ⓒ. Filaments are united into one bundle forming a single tube
ⓓ. Stamens are attached to petals due to fusion with corolla
Correct Answer: Filaments are united into two bundles while anthers remain free
Explanation: Diadelphous condition refers to cohesion among stamens where the filaments unite into two distinct bundles. The anthers generally remain free, so the defining feature is filament bundling rather than anther fusion. This arrangement is frequently represented as a “9 + 1” pattern in certain flowers, where nine filaments form one bundle and one filament remains separate as the second bundle. The key exam point is “two bundles,” which separates it from monadelphous (one bundle) and polyadelphous (many bundles). It is a standard morphological character used to classify androecium cohesion. Therefore, diadelphous means filaments united into two bundles with anthers usually free.
332. A classic example commonly associated with diadelphous stamens is:
ⓐ. Mustard
ⓑ. Pea
ⓒ. China rose (Hibiscus)
ⓓ. Sunflower
Correct Answer: Pea
Explanation: Pea is widely used as a standard example of diadelphous androecium in basic flower morphology. In many papilionaceous flowers, stamens show a typical “9 + 1” arrangement, producing two filament bundles. This makes pea a frequent match-the-following item in board and competitive MCQs, contrasting with China rose for monadelphous condition. The identification is based on filament cohesion pattern, not on placentation or ovary position. Recognizing the example helps anchor the definition to a familiar plant. Hence, pea is commonly associated with diadelphous stamens.
333. The most common diadelphous arrangement seen in many papilionaceous flowers is:
ⓐ. 5 + 5
ⓑ. 3 + 7
ⓒ. 9 + 1
ⓓ. 8 + 2
Correct Answer: 9 + 1
Explanation: In many papilionaceous flowers, the androecium typically has ten stamens with filaments grouped into two bundles. Most commonly, nine filaments are united to form one bundle, while the remaining one filament stays separate, forming the second bundle. This specific pattern is a high-yield recall point because it is repeatedly used to illustrate diadelphous condition. The idea emphasizes “two bundles,” not equal grouping. It also helps distinguish diadelphous from monadelphous, where all filaments fuse into one unit. Therefore, the common diadelphous arrangement is 9 + 1.
334. Diadelphous condition is categorized under androecium “cohesion” because it involves:
ⓐ. Fusion between stamens and petals
ⓑ. Fusion among stamens within the same whorl
ⓒ. Fusion between calyx and corolla
ⓓ. Fusion of receptacle with ovary wall
Correct Answer: Fusion among stamens within the same whorl
Explanation: Cohesion refers to fusion among parts of the same floral whorl, and diadelphous condition fits this because it is filament fusion among stamens of the androecium. In diadelphous flowers, filaments unite into two bundles, which is a within-whorl phenomenon. This is different from adhesion, which describes fusion between different whorls, such as stamens attached to petals. The classification is important because it standardizes how floral structures are described across plant groups. It also prevents mixing androecium features with ovary-position concepts. Hence, diadelphous is cohesion because it involves fusion among stamens within the androecium.
335. A flower shows ten stamens where nine filaments are fused and one filament is free. This condition is:
ⓐ. Monadelphous
ⓑ. Epipetalous
ⓒ. Polyadelphous
ⓓ. Diadelphous
Correct Answer: Diadelphous
Explanation: The described “nine fused + one free” filament arrangement creates two distinct groups of stamens, which is the defining feature of diadelphous androecium. Even though one group contains a single stamen, it still counts as a separate bundle, making the total bundles equal to two. This differs from monadelphous, where all filaments unite into a single bundle, and from polyadelphous, where filaments form more than two bundles. Epipetalous refers to adhesion of stamens to petals, which is not indicated here. The key diagnostic is the presence of exactly two filament groups. Therefore, the condition is diadelphous.
336. The best observation to confirm diadelphous condition in a dissected flower is:
ⓐ. Filaments united into one continuous staminal tube
ⓑ. Anthers tightly fused into a single ring
ⓒ. Filaments forming two distinct bundles with separate bases
ⓓ. Stamens arising directly from the top of the ovary
Correct Answer: Filaments forming two distinct bundles with separate bases
Explanation: Diadelphous condition is confirmed by seeing filaments united into two separate bundles rather than one single bundle or many bundles. In dissection, this appears as two groups of filaments that share fusion within each group but remain separate from the other group. The anthers are typically free, so anther fusion is not the confirming feature. The insertion point on the receptacle is less important than the bundling pattern of filaments. This is why “two filament bundles” is the most direct diagnostic clue in practical identification. Hence, filaments forming two distinct bundles confirms diadelphous condition.
337. Diadelphous androecium differs from monadelphous primarily in:
ⓐ. Whether anthers are fertile or sterile
ⓑ. The number of filament bundles formed by fusion
ⓒ. Whether petals are fused or free
ⓓ. The position of ovary as superior or inferior
Correct Answer: The number of filament bundles formed by fusion
Explanation: The difference between monadelphous and diadelphous is based on how many filament bundles are formed due to cohesion. Monadelphous produces one bundle, while diadelphous produces two bundles, often shown as 9 + 1. This distinction is independent of petal fusion and does not depend on ovary position or fertility of anthers. Exam questions often test this by giving a bundling count and asking for the correct term. Focusing on “bundle count” prevents confusion with adhesion terms like epipetalous. Therefore, the primary difference is the number of filament bundles formed by fusion.
338. Which statement is most accurate about anthers in a typical diadelphous androecium?
ⓐ. Anthers are usually free even if filaments are bundled
ⓑ. Anthers are always fused into a single tube
ⓒ. Anthers are absent and replaced by staminodes
ⓓ. Anthers are fused with petals as a rule
Correct Answer: Anthers are usually free even if filaments are bundled
Explanation: In diadelphous condition, the defining fusion is mainly among filaments, producing two bundles, while anthers generally remain free. This is important because the term “-adelphous” is used for filament bundling rather than anther cohesion. Anther fusion is associated with different conditions and should not be assumed for diadelphous flowers. The typical functional outcome is that pollen-bearing anthers remain separate for effective pollen release, even when filaments share a common fused base. This concept is often used to check whether students focus on the correct stamen part. Hence, anthers are usually free in a typical diadelphous androecium.
339. Diadelphous condition is an example of:
ⓐ. Adhesion of androecium to corolla
ⓑ. Cohesion of anthers only
ⓒ. Cohesion of filaments into two groups
ⓓ. Fusion of gynoecium with thalamus
Correct Answer: Cohesion of filaments into two groups
Explanation: Diadelphous refers specifically to cohesion where filaments unite to form two bundles. It does not describe attachment of stamens to petals (adhesion), nor does it describe anther-only fusion. It is also unrelated to gynoecium-thalamus fusion, which is an ovary-position concept. The classification is used to describe androecium architecture in a precise and exam-friendly way. The key phrase to retain is “two filament groups,” which directly maps to the prefix “di-.” Therefore, diadelphous is cohesion of filaments into two groups.
340. A student labels a flower as diadelphous because “stamens are attached to petals.” The best correction is:
ⓐ. Attachment to petals is anther cohesion, not diadelphous
ⓑ. Diadelphous means ovules are attached to the ovary wall
ⓒ. Diadelphous means petals overlap in one direction in the bud
ⓓ. Attachment to petals indicates adhesion; diadelphous concerns filament bundling into two groups
Correct Answer: Attachment to petals indicates adhesion; diadelphous concerns filament bundling into two groups
Explanation: Stamens attached to petals describe an adhesion condition (often termed epipetalous), which is fusion between different whorls. Diadelphous, in contrast, is a cohesion condition within the androecium, where filaments fuse into two bundles. This correction is a common exam trap because students confuse “attachment” (between whorls) with “bundling” (within a whorl). The defining cue for diadelphous is not where stamens arise, but how their filaments are grouped by fusion. Keeping cohesion and adhesion separate ensures accurate classification in morphology questions. Therefore, attachment to petals is adhesion, while diadelphous refers to filament bundling into two groups.
341. Polyadelphous condition in androecium means:
ⓐ. Filaments are united into many bundles while anthers remain free
ⓑ. Filaments are united into exactly two bundles while anthers remain free
ⓒ. Anthers are fused into a tube while filaments remain separate
ⓓ. Stamens are attached to petals due to fusion with corolla
Correct Answer: Filaments are united into many bundles while anthers remain free
Explanation: Polyadelphous androecium refers to cohesion among stamens where filaments are grouped into more than two bundles. The key diagnostic is “many bundles,” which separates it from monadelphous (one bundle) and diadelphous (two bundles). Typically, the fusion involves filaments, while anthers remain free, so the classification is based on filament bundling rather than anther cohesion. This character is used to describe androecium organization and is often tested through definition-based and example-based questions. Recognizing the number of bundles is the central concept in such MCQs. Therefore, polyadelphous means filaments united into many bundles.
342. Epipetalous stamens are best defined as stamens that are:
ⓐ. United by filaments into one bundle
ⓑ. United by filaments into two bundles
ⓒ. Attached to petals due to fusion
ⓓ. Attached to sepals due to fusion
Correct Answer: Attached to petals due to fusion
Explanation: Epipetalous condition is an adhesion feature where stamens are fused to the petals, making them appear to arise from the corolla rather than directly from the receptacle. This is different from adelphous conditions, which describe cohesion among stamens within the androecium. The term does not describe how filaments bundle together; it describes attachment between two different whorls. This is important in exam questions that ask whether a feature represents cohesion or adhesion. In epipetaly, the main identifying clue is stamen insertion on petals. Hence, epipetalous stamens are stamens attached to petals due to fusion.
343. Polyadelphous condition is categorized under:
ⓐ. Adhesion between stamens and petals
ⓑ. Cohesion among stamens forming many filament bundles
ⓒ. Fusion between calyx and corolla
ⓓ. Fusion of ovary wall with receptacle
Correct Answer: Cohesion among stamens forming many filament bundles
Explanation: Polyadelphous refers to cohesion within the androecium, where filaments of stamens fuse into multiple bundles. Because the fusion occurs among parts of the same whorl, it is classified as cohesion, not adhesion. Adhesion would involve fusion between different whorls, such as epipetalous stamens (stamens fused to petals). The concept is commonly tested by asking students to classify features into cohesion versus adhesion. The key cue is “many bundles of filaments,” which is a within-whorl fusion pattern. Therefore, polyadelphous is cohesion among stamens forming many filament bundles.
344. Which example is commonly cited for polyadelphous androecium?
ⓐ. Mustard
ⓑ. China rose (Hibiscus)
ⓒ. Citrus (lemon/orange)
ⓓ. Pea
Correct Answer: Citrus (lemon/orange)
Explanation: Citrus flowers are commonly used as examples of polyadelphous condition, where stamens are arranged into multiple bundles rather than a single bundle or two bundles. This example helps students distinguish polyadelphous from China rose (monadelphous) and pea (diadelphous). The classification is based on the number of filament bundles formed by cohesion within the androecium. Such example-based questions are frequent because they test both definition recall and the ability to map characters to familiar plants. The key association is “Citrus = polyadelphous” in standard morphology teaching. Hence, Citrus is commonly cited for polyadelphous androecium.
345. A flower has stamens attached to petals, but filaments are not united with each other. This condition is:
ⓐ. Epipetalous
ⓑ. Monadelphous
ⓒ. Diadelphous
ⓓ. Polyadelphous
Correct Answer: Epipetalous
Explanation: When stamens are attached to petals, the condition is an adhesion feature called epipetalous, regardless of whether filaments are fused among themselves. Monadelphous, diadelphous, and polyadelphous refer to cohesion among filaments into one, two, or many bundles, respectively. In the given description, the defining feature is attachment to petals, not bundling among filaments. This is a common exam trap where students mistake attachment for cohesion. Correct classification requires identifying whether fusion is within androecium or between androecium and corolla. Therefore, the condition is epipetalous.
346. The key difference between polyadelphous and epipetalous stamens is that:
ⓐ. Polyadelphous is about ovary position, epipetalous is about placentation
ⓑ. Polyadelphous is filament bundling within androecium, epipetalous is attachment of stamens to petals
ⓒ. Polyadelphous occurs only in unisexual flowers, epipetalous only in bisexual flowers
ⓓ. Polyadelphous always has fused anthers, epipetalous always has free anthers
Correct Answer: Polyadelphous is filament bundling within androecium, epipetalous is attachment of stamens to petals
Explanation: Polyadelphous describes cohesion among stamens, specifically filaments united into many bundles within the androecium. Epipetalous describes adhesion, where stamens are fused to petals, linking two different whorls. These are fundamentally different classification axes: within-whorl fusion versus between-whorl fusion. The distinction is frequently tested because students often treat any fusion involving stamens as the same phenomenon. Correct identification depends on asking “Are stamens fused to each other, or to petals?” Hence, polyadelphous is filament bundling within androecium, while epipetalous is attachment of stamens to petals.
347. A flower shows stamens grouped into three filament bundles, with anthers free. This androecium is:
ⓐ. Monadelphous
ⓑ. Diadelphous
ⓒ. Polyadelphous
ⓓ. Epipetalous
Correct Answer: Polyadelphous
Explanation: More than two filament bundles indicates polyadelphous condition, as the prefix “poly-” signifies multiple groups. Monadelphous would mean a single bundle, and diadelphous would mean exactly two bundles. Epipetalous would require attachment to petals and does not describe filament bundling into multiple groups. The description also mentions free anthers, which aligns with typical adelphous conditions where the bundling is mainly filament-based. This question tests applying the bundle-count rule directly. Therefore, three filament bundles indicate polyadelphous androecium.
348. Which statement best supports that a flower is epipetalous during dissection?
ⓐ. Filaments unite to form a staminal tube around the style
ⓑ. Filaments form multiple bundles of varying sizes
ⓒ. Anthers are fused while filaments remain separate
ⓓ. Stamens are seen arising from the corolla rather than the receptacle
Correct Answer: Stamens are seen arising from the corolla rather than the receptacle
Explanation: Epipetalous condition is identified when stamens are attached to the petals, so on dissection they appear to originate from the corolla tube or petal base. This is a hallmark of adhesion between androecium and corolla. In contrast, filament bundling features like monadelphous or polyadelphous are cohesion among stamens and do not necessarily shift the insertion to petals. Anther fusion points to a different cohesion pattern and does not define epipetaly. The key observational clue is the insertion point of stamens on petals. Therefore, stamens arising from the corolla indicates epipetalous condition.
349. Epipetalous stamens represent:
ⓐ. Cohesion within androecium only
ⓑ. Cohesion within gynoecium only
ⓒ. Adhesion between gynoecium and calyx
ⓓ. Adhesion between androecium and corolla
Correct Answer: Adhesion between androecium and corolla
Explanation: Epipetalous condition is a classic example of adhesion, meaning fusion between different floral whorls. Specifically, it involves stamens (androecium) attached to petals (corolla), making it an androecium–corolla association. This differs from cohesion, which refers to fusion among parts of the same whorl, such as adelphous filament bundling within androecium. The question tests classification language used in flower morphology. Recognizing the correct whorls involved prevents confusion with gynoecium fusion or ovary position terms. Hence, epipetalous stamens represent adhesion between androecium and corolla.
350. A student says “Polyadelphous means stamens are attached to petals in many places.” The best correction is:
ⓐ. Polyadelphous means anthers are fused; attachment to petals is irrelevant
ⓑ. Polyadelphous is about filaments in many bundles; attachment to petals is epipetalous
ⓒ. Polyadelphous means petals overlap in the bud; attachment to petals is aestivation
ⓓ. Polyadelphous means ovules are on the wall; attachment to petals is placentation
Correct Answer: Polyadelphous is about filaments in many bundles; attachment to petals is epipetalous
Explanation: Polyadelphous refers to cohesion among stamens where filaments are united into multiple bundles, and it does not describe attachment to petals. Attachment of stamens to petals is a separate feature called epipetalous, classified under adhesion between different whorls. This correction is important because students often conflate “many” with “many attachment points,” but the term specifically describes the number of filament bundles. The definition of polyadelphous is purely within androecium, while epipetalous explicitly involves the corolla. Exam questions frequently test this exact confusion to ensure conceptual clarity. Therefore, polyadelphous is many filament bundles, and attachment to petals is epipetalous.
351. Apocarpous gynoecium is best defined as:
ⓐ. Carpels are free from each other in the same flower
ⓑ. Carpels are fused, forming a single compound ovary
ⓒ. Stamens are fused into one bundle around the style
ⓓ. Ovules are attached to the ovary wall in one chamber
Correct Answer: Carpels are free from each other in the same flower
Explanation: Apocarpous gynoecium means the carpels remain separate and do not fuse together, so each carpel forms its own unit within the same flower. This feature is used to classify the gynoecium based on cohesion among carpels. In such flowers, the ovary may appear as multiple distinct ovaries, each with its own style or stigma region. This is conceptually contrasted with syncarpous gynoecium, where carpels unite into a single compound structure. The key idea is “free carpels,” not ovary position or placentation type. Therefore, apocarpous gynoecium has carpels free from each other.
352. Syncarpous gynoecium means:
ⓐ. Carpels are free and separate
ⓑ. Ovary is always unilocular
ⓒ. Ovary is always superior
ⓓ. Carpels are fused into a compound gynoecium
Correct Answer: Carpels are fused into a compound gynoecium
Explanation: Syncarpous gynoecium is defined by fusion of two or more carpels, resulting in a single compound gynoecium. This fusion can produce a unilocular or multilocular ovary depending on whether septa form, so locule number is not fixed. Similarly, ovary position (superior or inferior) depends on thalamus relation, not on carpel fusion. The key diagnostic is that the carpels are united and function as one gynoecial unit. This character is important in flower classification and diagram interpretation. Hence, syncarpous means carpels are fused into a compound gynoecium.
353. A flower with three distinct ovaries, each with its own style, is most likely:
ⓐ. Apocarpous
ⓑ. Syncarpous
ⓒ. Epipetalous
ⓓ. Monadelphous
Correct Answer: Apocarpous
Explanation: Multiple distinct ovaries with separate styles indicate that the carpels have not fused and remain independent. This is the defining morphological clue for an apocarpous gynoecium. In syncarpous gynoecium, carpels fuse to form one compound ovary, typically with a combined style or stigma arrangement. Epipetalous and monadelphous refer to androecium relationships, not gynoecium structure. The presence of separate gynoecial units within one flower directly supports apocarpy. Therefore, the flower is most likely apocarpous.
354. Which statement correctly distinguishes apocarpous from syncarpous gynoecium?
ⓐ. Apocarpous—carpels fused; syncarpous—carpels free
ⓑ. Apocarpous—carpels free; syncarpous—carpels fused
ⓒ. Apocarpous—ovary inferior; syncarpous—ovary superior
ⓓ. Apocarpous—always multilocular; syncarpous—always unilocular
Correct Answer: Apocarpous—carpels free; syncarpous—carpels fused
Explanation: The core distinction is whether carpels are united or separate. Apocarpous gynoecium has carpels that remain free from each other, while syncarpous gynoecium has carpels fused to form a compound structure. Ovary position depends on thalamus relation and is not fixed by carpel fusion. Locule number can vary in syncarpous flowers depending on septa formation, and apocarpous carpels can each be unilocular or otherwise. The most reliable rule is simply “free vs fused carpels.” Hence, apocarpous means free carpels and syncarpous means fused carpels.
355. Which example is commonly cited for apocarpous gynoecium in standard morphology?
ⓐ. Tomato
ⓑ. Mustard
ⓒ. Rose
ⓓ. China rose (Hibiscus)
Correct Answer: Rose
Explanation: Rose is a commonly used example to illustrate apocarpous gynoecium, where multiple carpels remain free and are present as separate units within the flower. This example helps students contrast with many plants like tomato or mustard that show syncarpous gynoecium. The apocarpous condition often correlates with the presence of multiple separate ovaries rather than a single compound ovary. The key is that the carpels do not fuse into one structure. In exam contexts, rose is frequently used to represent apocarpy at the school level. Therefore, rose is commonly cited as an apocarpous example.
356. Which example is commonly cited for syncarpous gynoecium in basic morphology?
ⓐ. Tomato
ⓑ. Rose
ⓒ. Lotus
ⓓ. Michelia
Correct Answer: Tomato
Explanation: Tomato is commonly cited as a syncarpous example because its gynoecium is formed by fused carpels, producing a compound ovary. This example is often used in questions that connect syncarpy with axile placentation and multilocular ovaries, though locule number can vary with septa development. Rose and lotus are more often used for apocarpous gynoecium in school-level comparisons. The key is the carpel fusion that results in a single functional gynoecial unit. This makes tomato a reliable example for syncarpous gynoecium in many exam patterns. Hence, tomato is commonly cited for syncarpous gynoecium.
357. A flower shows a single ovary but three stigma lobes, suggesting three carpels fused. This gynoecium is:
ⓐ. Apocarpous
ⓑ. Polyadelphous
ⓒ. Monocarpellary apocarpous
ⓓ. Syncarpous
Correct Answer: Syncarpous
Explanation: A single ovary with evidence of multiple carpels, such as multiple stigma lobes, indicates that the carpels have united into one compound gynoecium. This is characteristic of syncarpous condition, where carpels are fused and share a common ovary structure. In apocarpous gynoecium, you would expect separate ovaries corresponding to separate carpels, not one combined ovary. Polyadelphous refers to filament bundling in androecium and is unrelated to gynoecium. The clue here is “one ovary + multiple carpel indicators.” Therefore, the gynoecium is syncarpous.
358. Which statement about syncarpous gynoecium is correct?
ⓐ. It must always have parietal placentation
ⓑ. It must always be unilocular
ⓒ. It involves fusion of two or more carpels into one unit
ⓓ. It means each carpel has a separate ovary and style
Correct Answer: It involves fusion of two or more carpels into one unit
Explanation: Syncarpous gynoecium is defined by carpel fusion, meaning two or more carpels unite to form a single compound gynoecium. The resulting ovary may be unilocular or multilocular depending on whether septa form, so locule number cannot be assumed. Likewise, placentation type can vary (axile or parietal are common) depending on internal structure, so it is not fixed. The defining criterion is the unity of carpels rather than ovule attachment pattern alone. Many exam questions focus on this definition because it is central to flower morphology classification. Hence, syncarpous means fusion of two or more carpels into one unit.
359. A flower with five carpels, all separate, would be described as:
ⓐ. Pentacarpellary syncarpous
ⓑ. Bicarpellary apocarpous
ⓒ. Monocarpellary syncarpous
ⓓ. Pentacarpellary apocarpous
Correct Answer: Pentacarpellary apocarpous
Explanation: “Pentacarpellary” indicates the gynoecium has five carpels, and “apocarpous” indicates these carpels are free from one another. When carpels remain separate, each forms its own gynoecial unit, which is exactly the apocarpous condition. Syncarpous would require fusion of the five carpels into a compound structure, which is not the case here. The terms are combined to convey both the number of carpels and whether they are united. This type of question tests precise use of morphological descriptors. Therefore, five separate carpels indicate a pentacarpellary apocarpous gynoecium.
360. A student says, “Apocarpous means a single carpel.” The best correction is:
ⓐ. Apocarpous means carpels are fused into one ovary
ⓑ. Apocarpous refers to free carpels; it can involve one or many carpels
ⓒ. Apocarpous refers only to inferior ovary condition
ⓓ. Apocarpous means ovules attach on a central axis
Correct Answer: Apocarpous refers to free carpels; it can involve one or many carpels
Explanation: Apocarpous describes the relationship among carpels—specifically that carpels are free from each other. A flower can be monocarpellary (one carpel), in which case the question of fusion does not arise, or it can have multiple carpels that are free, which is a clear apocarpous condition. Therefore, apocarpy is not defined by carpel number but by lack of fusion between carpels. This distinction is important because students sometimes confuse “apocarpous” with “monocarpellary,” which are different descriptors. The defining point is carpel freedom, not ovary position or placentation. Hence, apocarpous means carpels are free and may be one or many.
361. Which statement best defines a simple fruit?
ⓐ. Fruit formed from an entire inflorescence after fusion of many ovaries
ⓑ. Fruit formed from many flowers that merge into one compact unit
ⓒ. Fruit formed only from an apocarpous gynoecium with free carpels
ⓓ. Fruit formed from the ovary of a single flower, whether it is uni- or multicarpellary
Correct Answer: Fruit formed from the ovary of a single flower, whether it is uni- or multicarpellary
Explanation: A simple fruit develops from the ovary of a single flower and may arise from a monocarpellary or a syncarpous ovary. The defining point is “single flower → single ovary unit” rather than the number of chambers or seeds. Simple fruits can be fleshy or dry, and their pericarp develops from the ovary wall. This concept prevents confusion with aggregate fruits, which come from multiple free carpels of one flower, and multiple fruits, which come from an inflorescence. In exam questions, “single ovary of a single flower” is the key phrase that identifies a simple fruit. Therefore, a fruit formed from the ovary of a single flower is a simple fruit.
362. Aggregate fruit is correctly described as a fruit that develops from:
ⓐ. One ovary of one flower with fused carpels only
ⓑ. Many free carpels of a single flower, forming a cluster of fruitlets
ⓒ. Many flowers of an inflorescence, forming a single composite mass
ⓓ. One carpel only, always forming a dry fruit
Correct Answer: Many free carpels of a single flower, forming a cluster of fruitlets
Explanation: An aggregate fruit forms when a single flower has an apocarpous gynoecium, meaning multiple carpels are free, and each carpel develops into a small fruitlet. These fruitlets remain grouped on a common receptacle, giving a clustered appearance. The essential diagnostic is “one flower + many free carpels,” not “many flowers,” which would indicate multiple fruit. Many questions test this by using words like “fruitlets” or “etaerio,” which signal aggregation within a single flower. This also distinguishes aggregate fruits from simple fruits, which come from one ovary unit. Hence, aggregate fruit develops from many free carpels of a single flower.
363. A student observes a cluster of small fruitlets formed from separate carpels of one flower on a common receptacle. The correct category is:
ⓐ. Simple fruit
ⓑ. Multiple fruit
ⓒ. Aggregate fruit
ⓓ. Seed coat modification
Correct Answer: Aggregate fruit
Explanation: A cluster of fruitlets arising from separate carpels of the same flower indicates an apocarpous gynoecium where each carpel matures into an individual unit. Because all these units remain attached to a common receptacle, the final structure is an aggregate fruit. This is distinct from multiple fruits, which involve the fusion of fruits from many flowers in an inflorescence. It is also distinct from simple fruits, which develop from a single ovary unit of one flower. The presence of “many fruitlets from one flower” is the core identification clue. Therefore, such a structure is an aggregate fruit.
364. Which example is best matched with an aggregate fruit in standard morphology?
ⓐ. Strawberry
ⓑ. Mango
ⓒ. Tomato
ⓓ. Pea
Correct Answer: Strawberry
Explanation: Strawberry is commonly treated as an example of an aggregate fruit because it develops from a single flower with multiple free carpels, producing many small units associated with one receptacle. The key exam-level idea is that aggregation reflects multiple carpels of one flower contributing to the final fruit-like structure. This is used to contrast with mango or tomato, which are simple fruits developing from a single ovary unit. Even when students recall the fleshy part involvement, the classification cue remains “one flower, many carpels.” Such questions mainly test whether the student links “aggregate” with “apocarpous gynoecium.” Hence, strawberry is best matched with an aggregate fruit.
365. Which statement correctly contrasts simple fruit and aggregate fruit?
ⓐ. Simple fruit always comes from many flowers; aggregate fruit comes from one flower
ⓑ. Simple fruit is always dry; aggregate fruit is always fleshy
ⓒ. Simple fruit has no seeds; aggregate fruit has many seeds
ⓓ. Simple fruit develops from one ovary unit of a flower; aggregate fruit develops from many free carpels of one flower
Correct Answer: Simple fruit develops from one ovary unit of a flower; aggregate fruit develops from many free carpels of one flower
Explanation: The core difference is the developmental origin: a simple fruit develops from a single ovary unit of one flower, while an aggregate fruit develops from multiple free carpels within the same flower. This comparison does not depend on whether the fruit is dry or fleshy, nor does it require a specific seed number. The phrase “many free carpels of one flower” directly signals aggregate fruit, whereas “one ovary unit” signals simple fruit. Competitive questions often mix in misleading traits like texture or seed count, but the reliable criterion is gynoecium structure. Therefore, the correct contrast is one ovary unit versus many free carpels in one flower.
366. A fruit formed from the ovary of a single flower with a syncarpous gynoecium is classified as:
ⓐ. Aggregate fruit
ⓑ. Multiple fruit
ⓒ. Simple fruit
ⓓ. Endospermic seed
Correct Answer: Simple fruit
Explanation: A syncarpous gynoecium means carpels are fused into one compound ovary, and when this ovary matures, it produces a fruit from a single flower’s ovary unit. That developmental pathway corresponds to a simple fruit, regardless of whether the ovary is unilocular or multilocular. Aggregate fruits require apocarpous gynoecium with free carpels, and multiple fruits require participation of many flowers from an inflorescence. This question targets the common misconception that “many carpels” automatically means aggregate, which is incorrect if carpels are fused. The correct classification depends on whether the ovary is a single unit. Hence, a syncarpous ovary of one flower produces a simple fruit.
367. Which example is best matched with a simple fruit?
ⓐ. Raspberry
ⓑ. Tomato
ⓒ. Pineapple
ⓓ. Jackfruit
Correct Answer: Tomato
Explanation: Tomato is a simple fruit because it develops from the ovary of a single flower as one fruit unit. The defining feature is its origin from a single flower’s ovary, not the number of seeds or chambers. Raspberry is typically associated with aggregate fruit because it consists of many small fruitlets derived from multiple carpels of one flower. Pineapple and jackfruit are classic examples of multiple fruits formed from an inflorescence, not a single flower. The question checks whether students separate simple vs aggregate vs multiple using developmental origin. Therefore, tomato is best matched with a simple fruit.
368. If a fruit-like structure forms by fusion of fruits from many flowers of an inflorescence, it is NOT aggregate; it is termed:
ⓐ. Simple fruit
ⓑ. Aggregate fruit
ⓒ. Dry dehiscent fruit
ⓓ. Multiple fruit
Correct Answer: Multiple fruit
Explanation: When many flowers in an inflorescence contribute their ovaries and associated parts, and these units fuse into one mass, the product is called a multiple fruit. Aggregate fruit, in contrast, comes from one flower with many free carpels producing fruitlets on a common receptacle. This distinction is frequently tested because both can look “clustered,” but their developmental origins are different. The phrase “many flowers of an inflorescence” is the decisive clue for multiple fruit. Simple fruit is also ruled out because it arises from a single flower’s ovary unit. Therefore, such a structure is termed a multiple fruit, not aggregate.
369. Which scenario most clearly indicates an aggregate fruit rather than a simple fruit?
ⓐ. One flower has many free carpels, each forming a small fruitlet that stays clustered
ⓑ. One flower has a single fused ovary that enlarges into one fruit body
ⓒ. Many flowers each form a fruit, but the fruits remain separate and do not fuse
ⓓ. One seed develops a fleshy seed coat while ovary wall remains thin
Correct Answer: One flower has many free carpels, each forming a small fruitlet that stays clustered
Explanation: Aggregate fruits originate from a single flower with an apocarpous gynoecium, where many free carpels each form a small fruitlet. The fruitlets remain grouped because they develop on the same receptacle, producing a clustered appearance. A single fused ovary producing one fruit body is the definition of a simple fruit, not aggregate. Fruits from many flowers that do not fuse are not classified as multiple fruit either, because fusion is essential there. The seed coat change described is about seed modification, not fruit type. Hence, many free carpels of one flower forming clustered fruitlets indicates an aggregate fruit.
370. Which pairing is correctly matched for fruit type and developmental origin?
ⓐ. Simple fruit — formed from many flowers of an inflorescence
ⓑ. Aggregate fruit — formed from a single syncarpous ovary
ⓒ. Multiple fruit — formed from many flowers that fuse into one mass
ⓓ. Aggregate fruit — formed from one monocarpellary ovary only
Correct Answer: Multiple fruit — formed from many flowers that fuse into one mass
Explanation: Multiple fruits develop from an entire inflorescence, where fruits from many individual flowers fuse into a single composite structure. This contrasts with aggregate fruits, which develop from one flower with many free carpels, and simple fruits, which develop from a single flower’s ovary unit. The key identification point is “many flowers + fusion,” which is specific to multiple fruit. Exam questions frequently present these as match-the-following items to test developmental origin rather than appearance. Keeping the origin-based definitions clear prevents confusing aggregate with multiple. Therefore, the correct pairing is multiple fruit formed from many flowers that fuse into one mass.
371. A “multiple fruit” is best defined as a fruit that develops from:
ⓐ. An entire inflorescence, with fruits of many flowers forming one mass
ⓑ. Many free carpels of one flower that remain clustered
ⓒ. A single flower with a single ovary unit only
ⓓ. Only one carpel that later splits into many segments
Correct Answer: An entire inflorescence, with fruits of many flowers forming one mass
Explanation: A multiple fruit forms when an entire inflorescence participates in fruit formation, so many flowers contribute their ovaries and associated parts. These individual fruits (and often accessory tissues) fuse or compact together into one large composite structure. The key identifier is “many flowers,” not “many carpels,” because aggregate fruits arise from one flower with many free carpels. Simple fruits arise from one flower’s single ovary unit, even if that ovary has more than one carpel. In multiple fruits, the final structure is a collective outcome of the whole inflorescence. Therefore, a multiple fruit develops from an entire inflorescence forming one mass.
372. Which example is most correctly matched as a multiple fruit (sorosis type)?
ⓐ. Pea
ⓑ. Tomato
ⓒ. Rose
ⓓ. Pineapple
Correct Answer: Pineapple
Explanation: Pineapple is a classic example of a multiple fruit of the sorosis type, formed from a whole inflorescence rather than a single flower. Individual flowers in the inflorescence contribute their parts, and the developing fruits along with axis tissues become fused into one compact body. This distinguishes it from simple fruits like tomato that form from a single flower’s ovary, and from aggregate fruits that arise from many carpels of one flower. The key concept is “inflorescence origin,” which is the defining feature of multiple fruits. Pineapple’s structure directly reflects this collective development. Hence, pineapple is correctly matched as a multiple fruit (sorosis).
373. Syconus (a multiple fruit type) is most characteristically formed from:
ⓐ. A single flower with many free carpels
ⓑ. A hollow, flask-shaped inflorescence with flowers on the inner wall
ⓒ. A single superior ovary with axile placentation
ⓓ. A cluster of separate fruits from many flowers that never fuse
Correct Answer: A hollow, flask-shaped inflorescence with flowers on the inner wall
Explanation: Syconus is a multiple fruit formed from a specialized inflorescence that is hollow and flask-shaped, with numerous small flowers lining the inner surface. As the inflorescence matures, the fruits from these flowers develop within the enclosed structure, producing a single composite fruit-like body. The defining point is that many flowers of an inflorescence contribute, not many carpels of one flower. This morphology is used to distinguish syconus from sorosis and from aggregate fruits. The “flowers on the inner wall” clue is the key diagnostic feature. Therefore, syconus forms from a hollow inflorescence bearing internal flowers.
374. Which example is most commonly used for a syconus type multiple fruit?
ⓐ. Jackfruit
ⓑ. Mulberry
ⓒ. Fig
ⓓ. Mango
Correct Answer: Fig
Explanation: Fig is the standard example of a syconus type multiple fruit, arising from a hollow inflorescence with many flowers inside. The inner flowers develop into small fruits, and the enclosing inflorescence tissue becomes part of the final edible structure. This is conceptually important because it demonstrates that multiple fruits originate from an inflorescence, not from a single flower. The unique “internal flowers” arrangement is a key identification clue for syconus. Students often confuse it with other multiple fruits, so fig is used as a stable reference example. Hence, fig is most commonly used for syconus.
375. Which pairing is correctly matched for multiple fruit and example?
ⓐ. Multiple fruit (sorosis) — pea
ⓑ. Multiple fruit (syconus) — rose
ⓒ. Multiple fruit (sorosis) — jackfruit
ⓓ. Multiple fruit (aggregate) — pineapple
Correct Answer: Multiple fruit (sorosis) — jackfruit
Explanation: Jackfruit is a common example of a multiple fruit where many flowers of an inflorescence contribute and the resulting units become compacted into one large structure. This aligns with the core definition of multiple fruits as inflorescence-derived, not single-flower-derived. The pairing checks whether the student keeps “aggregate” (one flower, many free carpels) separate from “multiple” (many flowers). It also checks that sorosis-type examples are recognized as inflorescence products. The correct match emphasizes origin rather than surface appearance. Therefore, multiple fruit (sorosis) — jackfruit is correctly matched.
376. A dry fruit is best defined as a fruit in which:
ⓐ. The seed coat becomes fleshy at maturity
ⓑ. The pericarp becomes dry at maturity, irrespective of dehiscence
ⓒ. The fruit always contains a single seed only
ⓓ. The pericarp is always hard and woody in all cases
Correct Answer: The pericarp becomes dry at maturity, irrespective of dehiscence
Explanation: Dry fruits are defined by the condition of the pericarp at maturity: it becomes dry rather than fleshy. This definition holds whether the fruit later opens (dehiscent) or remains closed (indehiscent), so dehiscence is a separate classification. Dry fruits may have one seed or many seeds, and the pericarp can be papery, leathery, or hard depending on the type. The crucial diagnostic is dryness of the fruit wall at maturity, not the number of seeds or a specific texture. This distinction is frequently tested against fleshy fruits like berries and drupes. Therefore, a dry fruit has a pericarp that becomes dry at maturity.
377. Which option best defines a fleshy fruit?
ⓐ. A fruit in which the pericarp remains soft and juicy at maturity
ⓑ. A fruit that must split open to release seeds
ⓒ. A fruit formed only from an inflorescence
ⓓ. A fruit that always has axile placentation
Correct Answer: A fruit in which the pericarp remains soft and juicy at maturity
Explanation: Fleshy fruits are identified by a pericarp that stays soft, pulpy, or juicy when the fruit matures. This feature is independent of whether the fruit is simple, aggregate, or multiple; it is based on pericarp texture and water content. Fleshy fruits typically aid animal-mediated dispersal by providing edible tissues, but the definition remains structural: the pericarp is not dry at maturity. Dehiscence is not a defining requirement for fleshy fruits, and placentation type is not the deciding criterion. This makes “soft and juicy pericarp” the most reliable descriptor in exams. Hence, a fleshy fruit has a soft, juicy pericarp at maturity.
378. Which example is correctly classified as a dry dehiscent fruit (splitting to release seeds)?
ⓐ. Mango
ⓑ. Tomato
ⓒ. Banana
ⓓ. Pea pod
Correct Answer: Pea pod
Explanation: A pea pod is a classic dry dehiscent fruit because its pericarp dries on maturity and then splits along sutures to release the seeds. This contrasts with fleshy fruits like mango or tomato, where the pericarp remains soft and does not split in the same way for seed release. The defining features are both “dry pericarp at maturity” and “opening at maturity,” which together indicate dry dehiscent type. Such examples are used to connect the concept of dehiscence with real observations of pods splitting. The key point is the functional opening mechanism after drying. Therefore, pea pod is correctly classified as a dry dehiscent fruit.
379. Which statement correctly contrasts dry and fleshy fruits?
ⓐ. Dry fruits always arise from inflorescences, fleshy fruits from single flowers only
ⓑ. Dry fruits have no pericarp, fleshy fruits have pericarp
ⓒ. Dry fruits have a dry pericarp at maturity, while fleshy fruits have a soft pericarp at maturity
ⓓ. Dry fruits are always one-seeded, while fleshy fruits are always many-seeded
Correct Answer: Dry fruits have a dry pericarp at maturity, while fleshy fruits have a soft pericarp at maturity
Explanation: The key contrast is based on pericarp condition at maturity: dry fruits develop a dry fruit wall, while fleshy fruits retain a soft, pulpy, or juicy fruit wall. This distinction does not depend on whether the fruit comes from a single flower or an inflorescence, and it does not fix seed number. Both categories possess a pericarp because fruits by definition develop from the ovary (with the ovary wall contributing to pericarp). Exam questions often add distractions about dehiscence or seed count, but the stable criterion remains pericarp texture. Therefore, dry versus fleshy fruits are distinguished by dry versus soft pericarp at maturity.
380. Mulberry is best classified as:
ⓐ. A simple dry fruit
ⓑ. A multiple fruit (sorosis type)
ⓒ. An aggregate fruit of many free carpels
ⓓ. A typical syconus fruit
Correct Answer: A multiple fruit (sorosis type)
Explanation: Mulberry is a standard example of a multiple fruit where many flowers of an inflorescence contribute to the final fruit-like structure. As the small fruits develop, they become compacted together with associated tissues, producing a composite edible mass. This inflorescence origin is the defining feature that separates it from aggregate fruits, which arise from many carpels of a single flower. It also differs from syconus type, which is associated with a hollow inflorescence bearing internal flowers. The correct classification depends on origin rather than surface similarity. Hence, mulberry is best classified as a multiple fruit of the sorosis type.
381. An albuminous seed is best defined as a seed that:
ⓐ. Lacks endosperm at maturity because it is fully used by embryo
ⓑ. Retains a persistent endosperm at maturity as reserve tissue
ⓒ. Always has two large cotyledons storing all food
ⓓ. Has no seed coat at maturity
Correct Answer: Retains a persistent endosperm at maturity as reserve tissue
Explanation: Albuminous seeds are those in which endosperm persists in the mature seed and serves as a major food reserve for germination. During seed development, endosperm is formed and in albuminous seeds it is not completely consumed by the developing embryo. This means the embryo may be relatively smaller compared to the volume of storage endosperm. The key diagnostic is “endosperm present in mature seed,” not seed coat thickness or cotyledon number. Many exam questions test this against exalbuminous seeds where endosperm is absent at maturity. Therefore, an albuminous seed retains endosperm as reserve tissue at maturity.
382. Which of the following is a standard example of an albuminous seed?
ⓐ. Pea
ⓑ. Gram
ⓒ. Castor
ⓓ. Groundnut
Correct Answer: Castor
Explanation: Castor is a commonly cited example of an albuminous seed because endosperm persists in the mature seed as a storage tissue. This contrasts with many dicot seeds such as pea or groundnut, where endosperm is generally consumed during development and food is stored mainly in cotyledons. The example-based linkage is frequently tested because it helps students quickly classify seeds as albuminous or exalbuminous. The concept hinges on presence of endosperm in the mature seed rather than on whether the plant is monocot or dicot. Castor is one of the high-yield textbook examples for this category. Hence, castor is a standard example of an albuminous seed.
383. A mature seed shows a large endosperm surrounding a relatively small embryo. This most strongly indicates:
ⓐ. Exalbuminous seed
ⓑ. Parthenocarpy
ⓒ. Polyembryony
ⓓ. Albuminous seed
Correct Answer: Albuminous seed
Explanation: In an albuminous seed, the endosperm remains as a prominent storage tissue even at maturity. As a result, the embryo may appear relatively small compared to the overall seed volume because the endosperm occupies substantial space. Exalbuminous seeds, in contrast, typically have little to no endosperm at maturity because it is consumed and reserves shift to cotyledons. The described observation is therefore a direct morphological clue pointing to persistent endosperm. The other options refer to different reproductive phenomena unrelated to endosperm persistence. Thus, a large endosperm with a smaller embryo indicates an albuminous seed.
384. The main food reserve tissue in an albuminous seed at maturity is generally:
ⓐ. Endosperm
ⓑ. Seed coat
ⓒ. Pericarp
ⓓ. Testa hairs
Correct Answer: Endosperm
Explanation: Albuminous seeds are characterized by the persistence of endosperm in the mature seed, and this endosperm acts as the primary storage tissue. During germination, nutrients stored in the endosperm are mobilized to support embryonic growth. This feature distinguishes albuminous seeds from exalbuminous seeds, where endosperm is absent at maturity and cotyledons commonly store reserves instead. The seed coat mainly provides protection rather than serving as the principal nutrient store. Pericarp is a fruit wall and is not part of the seed reserve tissue. Therefore, endosperm is generally the main reserve tissue in an albuminous seed.
385. Which statement correctly contrasts albuminous and exalbuminous seeds?
ⓐ. Albuminous seeds lack embryo; exalbuminous seeds lack seed coat
ⓑ. Albuminous seeds retain endosperm at maturity; exalbuminous seeds do not retain endosperm at maturity
ⓒ. Albuminous seeds always have two cotyledons; exalbuminous always have one cotyledon
ⓓ. Albuminous seeds occur only in dicots; exalbuminous only in monocots
Correct Answer: Albuminous seeds retain endosperm at maturity; exalbuminous seeds do not retain endosperm at maturity
Explanation: The defining contrast is the presence of endosperm in the mature seed. Albuminous seeds retain endosperm as a storage tissue at maturity, while exalbuminous seeds generally consume the endosperm during development so it is absent or negligible at maturity. This distinction is independent of cotyledon number because both monocots and dicots can show either condition in different examples. The embryo is present in both types, and the seed coat is also present in both, so those are not valid contrasts. Many exam questions test this exact definition because it is central to seed morphology. Hence, retention versus absence of endosperm at maturity distinguishes albuminous and exalbuminous seeds.
386. A student claims “all dicot seeds are exalbuminous.” The best correction is:
ⓐ. True, because dicots never form endosperm
ⓑ. False, because some dicots like castor have albuminous seeds
ⓒ. True, because only monocots store food in endosperm
ⓓ. False, because dicots always have multiple embryos
Correct Answer: False, because some dicots like castor have albuminous seeds
Explanation: While many dicot seeds are exalbuminous, it is incorrect to say all dicot seeds lack endosperm at maturity. Castor is a well-known dicot example where endosperm persists in the mature seed, making it albuminous. The correct concept is that seed type is determined by whether endosperm remains, not strictly by whether the plant is monocot or dicot. This correction is frequently tested as a misconception-based MCQ. The presence of persistent endosperm in certain dicots demonstrates that the rule is not absolute. Therefore, the statement is false because some dicots like castor are albuminous.
387. In an albuminous seed, the cotyledons are typically:
ⓐ. The only storage site, with no endosperm remaining
ⓑ. Completely absent at maturity
ⓒ. Often thinner relative to the seed because endosperm stores much of the food
ⓓ. Always fused into a single cotyledon
Correct Answer: Often thinner relative to the seed because endosperm stores much of the food
Explanation: When endosperm persists as the major storage tissue in albuminous seeds, cotyledons often function more in absorption and transfer rather than acting as the main storage organ. As a result, cotyledons may appear relatively thin compared with exalbuminous seeds where cotyledons become thick and storage-rich. This is a general morphological tendency that supports identification in diagrams and practical questions. It does not mean cotyledons are absent or fused; those features depend on whether the seed is dicot or monocot. The key reason is that reserve materials remain largely in the endosperm. Hence, cotyledons are often thinner because endosperm stores much of the food.
388. Which observation best supports that a mature seed is albuminous?
ⓐ. Endosperm is clearly present as a distinct storage tissue in the mature seed
ⓑ. Seed has a hard testa with strong mechanical protection
ⓒ. Seed is enclosed in a fleshy pericarp at maturity
ⓓ. Seed shows a prominent hilum and micropyle
Correct Answer: Endosperm is clearly present as a distinct storage tissue in the mature seed
Explanation: The most direct evidence of an albuminous seed is visible persistence of endosperm in the mature seed. This can be recognized as a distinct storage region surrounding or adjacent to the embryo, often forming the bulk of the seed. Features like testa hardness or hilum presence are common in many seeds and do not specifically indicate endosperm persistence. Pericarp relates to fruit, not to the internal reserve tissue of the seed itself. In exam-based identification, “endosperm present at maturity” is the decisive criterion. Therefore, a distinct endosperm in the mature seed supports that it is albuminous.
389. Which seed is most likely to be albuminous among the following?
ⓐ. Pea
ⓑ. Gram
ⓒ. Groundnut
ⓓ. Maize
Correct Answer: Maize
Explanation: Maize seeds retain a large endosperm at maturity, which serves as the primary food reserve, making them albuminous. This is typical of many cereals where the endosperm remains prominent and the embryo occupies a smaller portion of the seed. In contrast, many legume seeds such as pea, gram, and groundnut generally become exalbuminous because the endosperm is used up and reserves accumulate mainly in cotyledons. The key point is the persistence of endosperm in the mature seed. This question checks whether students can identify albuminous seeds beyond the castor example. Therefore, maize is most likely to be albuminous among the options.
390. Which pairing is correctly matched for seed type and reserve tissue at maturity?
ⓐ. Albuminous seed — reserves mainly in endosperm
ⓑ. Albuminous seed — reserves mainly in seed coat
ⓒ. Albuminous seed — reserves mainly in pericarp
ⓓ. Albuminous seed — reserves mainly in hilum region
Correct Answer: Albuminous seed — reserves mainly in endosperm
Explanation: Albuminous seeds are defined by the persistence of endosperm in the mature seed, and this endosperm acts as the principal reserve tissue. The seed coat is protective and does not serve as the main storage site in standard seed classification. Pericarp is part of the fruit wall and is not considered a seed reserve tissue. The hilum is a scar marking attachment to the funicle and has no role as a primary storage organ. Exam questions often frame this as a direct match between “albuminous” and “endosperm reserve.” Therefore, the correct pairing is albuminous seed with reserves mainly in endosperm.
391. A non-albuminous (exalbuminous) seed is best defined as a seed that:
ⓐ. Retains endosperm as the main reserve at maturity
ⓑ. Lacks endosperm at maturity because it is used up during development
ⓒ. Has no embryo at maturity and stores food in pericarp
ⓓ. Has only one cotyledon and always forms a caryopsis
Correct Answer: Lacks endosperm at maturity because it is used up during development
Explanation: A non-albuminous seed is identified by the absence (or near absence) of endosperm in the mature seed because the developing embryo consumes it. As the seed matures, reserve food commonly shifts into cotyledons, making them thick and storage-rich in many cases. The key diagnostic is “endosperm not persistent at maturity,” not the number of cotyledons or the fruit type. This concept is frequently tested by contrasting it with albuminous seeds where endosperm remains. In diagrams, such seeds show a relatively large embryo compared to the remaining storage tissue. Therefore, non-albuminous seeds are those where endosperm is used up before maturity.
392. Which of the following is a standard example of a non-albuminous seed?
ⓐ. Pea
ⓑ. Castor
ⓒ. Maize
ⓓ. Wheat
Correct Answer: Pea
Explanation: Pea is a classic example of a non-albuminous seed because the endosperm is consumed during seed development and does not persist as a major reserve at maturity. The stored food is primarily accumulated in the cotyledons, which become thick and fleshy. This is a high-yield example used to separate many legumes from cereals, where endosperm typically remains. The correct classification depends on mature seed structure, not on flower characters like placentation or aestivation. In practical terms, the embryo and cotyledons occupy most of the seed volume in pea. Hence, pea is a standard example of a non-albuminous seed.
393. In most non-albuminous dicot seeds, the main reserve tissue at maturity is:
ⓐ. Endosperm
ⓑ. Pericarp
ⓒ. Cotyledons
ⓓ. Seed coat
Correct Answer: Cotyledons
Explanation: In non-albuminous seeds, endosperm is largely depleted during development, so food reserves are commonly stored in cotyledons. This is why many non-albuminous dicot seeds show thick, swollen cotyledons that dominate the internal seed volume. The seed coat primarily provides protection and does not serve as the chief nutrient store in the standard classification. The fruit wall (pericarp) is not a seed reserve tissue. This principle is often assessed through seed section diagrams and “reserve location” questions. Therefore, cotyledons are typically the main reserve tissue in non-albuminous dicot seeds.
394. A mature seed shows a very large embryo with thick cotyledons and no obvious endosperm. This best indicates:
ⓐ. Albuminous seed
ⓑ. Polyembryony
ⓒ. Non-albuminous seed
ⓓ. Apocarpous gynoecium
Correct Answer: Non-albuminous seed
Explanation: Thick, storage-filled cotyledons with an apparently absent endosperm in the mature seed is a direct indicator of a non-albuminous seed. This reflects the developmental pattern where endosperm is consumed and reserves are transferred into the embryo, especially the cotyledons. The observation is about seed internal structure and does not relate to gynoecium type or multiple embryos. Albuminous seeds would show persistent endosperm as a distinct reserve tissue at maturity. Such descriptions are commonly used in board-level identification questions without naming the plant. Hence, a large embryo with no obvious endosperm indicates a non-albuminous seed.
395. In a typical cereal grain, the scutellum is best described as:
ⓐ. A protective sheath covering the plumule
ⓑ. The embryonic root cap-like covering
ⓒ. The single cotyledon of the embryo
ⓓ. The outermost dry fruit wall layer
Correct Answer: The single cotyledon of the embryo
Explanation: In monocot seeds such as cereals, the embryo has one cotyledon called the scutellum. It is specialized for absorbing and transferring nutrients from the endosperm to the developing embryo during germination. This is a key monocot seed feature and is frequently tested with labeling-based questions. The scutellum is part of the embryo, not a protective sheath like the coleoptile. It is also distinct from the fruit wall or seed coat tissues. Therefore, scutellum refers to the single cotyledon in a typical cereal embryo.
396. The coleoptile in a monocot seed is:
ⓐ. A sheath that protects the plumule during emergence
ⓑ. The tissue storing oil in the endosperm
ⓒ. The scar marking attachment of the seed to the funicle
ⓓ. The basal placenta where ovules were attached
Correct Answer: A sheath that protects the plumule during emergence
Explanation: Coleoptile is a protective covering around the plumule in many monocot seeds, especially cereals. During germination, it shields the delicate shoot apex as it pushes upward through the soil. This structure is part of the seedling protection system and is a hallmark feature in monocot embryo descriptions. It does not function as a storage tissue like endosperm, nor is it related to seed attachment scars. It is also unrelated to placentation, which concerns ovule arrangement in the ovary. Hence, coleoptile is the sheath that protects the plumule during emergence.
397. Which structure in a monocot seed protects the radicle region?
ⓐ. Coleoptile
ⓑ. Coleorhiza
ⓒ. Scutellum
ⓓ. Aleurone layer
Correct Answer: Coleorhiza
Explanation: Coleorhiza is the protective sheath around the radicle region in many monocot seeds, particularly cereals. It helps safeguard the embryonic root as germination begins and the radicle starts to emerge. This is often tested alongside coleoptile, which covers the plumule, to ensure students distinguish shoot protection from root protection. Scutellum is the cotyledon involved in absorption, not a sheath. Aleurone layer is part of the endosperm-related tissue and does not directly act as a radicle covering. Therefore, coleorhiza is the structure protecting the radicle region in a monocot seed.
398. A cereal grain is called a caryopsis because:
ⓐ. It has an apocarpous gynoecium with many carpels
ⓑ. It shows parietal placentation with wall-borne ovules
ⓒ. Its endosperm is absent at maturity and embryo fills the seed
ⓓ. Pericarp is fused with the seed coat, forming one inseparable layer
Correct Answer: Pericarp is fused with the seed coat, forming one inseparable layer
Explanation: Caryopsis is the characteristic fruit type of cereals where the fruit wall (pericarp) becomes tightly fused with the seed coat. This fusion makes the grain appear as a single unit where separating fruit wall from seed coat is not easy. The term describes a fruit–seed structural relationship, not gynoecium type or placentation. Cereals usually retain endosperm, so absence of endosperm is not the defining criterion here. This is commonly tested in morphology by asking why a “grain” is considered a fruit rather than just a seed. Hence, a cereal grain is a caryopsis because pericarp is fused with the seed coat.
399. Which combination best describes most cereal seeds regarding endosperm and embryo parts?
ⓐ. Endosperm absent; scutellum large and storage-rich
ⓑ. Endosperm persistent; scutellum present as cotyledon
ⓒ. Endosperm absent; coleoptile absent in the embryo
ⓓ. Endosperm persistent; cotyledons always two and equal
Correct Answer: Endosperm persistent; scutellum present as cotyledon
Explanation: Most cereal seeds are albuminous, meaning endosperm persists as the major reserve tissue at maturity. The embryo is present with a single cotyledon called the scutellum, which helps absorb nutrients from the endosperm during germination. This pairing—persistent endosperm plus scutellum—is a standard monocot seed concept frequently used in diagram-based MCQs. It avoids the common misconception that all seeds store food mainly in cotyledons. The embryo also includes protective coverings like coleoptile and coleorhiza in many cereals. Therefore, the correct combination is persistent endosperm with scutellum as the cotyledon.
400. Which statement best supports identifying a seed as non-albuminous in an exam-style diagram?
ⓐ. A distinct endosperm occupies most of the seed interior
ⓑ. A thick pericarp is fused to the testa in one layer
ⓒ. The embryo is small and lies at one side of a massive endosperm
ⓓ. Cotyledons occupy most of the seed volume and endosperm is not evident
Correct Answer: Cotyledons occupy most of the seed volume and endosperm is not evident
Explanation: Non-albuminous seeds are recognized by the absence of a prominent endosperm in the mature seed, with reserves typically stored in enlarged cotyledons. In diagram interpretation, this appears as an embryo that occupies most of the seed interior, especially through thick cotyledons. A massive endosperm with a small side embryo indicates albuminous condition, not non-albuminous. Fusion of pericarp and testa points to caryopsis, which is a fruit-type feature rather than endosperm persistence. The key identification is “endosperm not evident at maturity.” Hence, cotyledons dominating the seed with no evident endosperm supports a non-albuminous seed.