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401. In a typical non-albuminous dicot seed, the endosperm is absent at maturity mainly because:
ⓐ. It is consumed during embryo development and reserves shift to cotyledons
ⓑ. It never forms during seed development in dicots
ⓒ. It is converted into seed coat layers before maturity
ⓓ. It is expelled from the seed through the micropyle at maturity
Correct Answer: It is consumed during embryo development and reserves shift to cotyledons
Explanation: In non-albuminous seeds, endosperm may form initially but is progressively used up as the embryo grows. The developing embryo, especially the cotyledons in many dicots, becomes the major storage site by accumulating reserves. As a result, by seed maturity, endosperm is not evident as a distinct tissue. This is why such seeds typically show thick, fleshy cotyledons and a comparatively large embryo. The classification depends on the mature seed condition, not on whether endosperm ever formed. Therefore, endosperm absence at maturity is due to its consumption during embryo development.
402. Which of the following seeds is most appropriately classified as non-albuminous?
ⓐ. Maize
ⓑ. Castor
ⓒ. Wheat
ⓓ. Pea
Correct Answer: Pea
Explanation: Pea is a standard example of a non-albuminous seed because the mature seed does not retain endosperm as a reserve tissue. During development, the embryo uses up endosperm and stores food primarily in the cotyledons. This results in thick cotyledons that occupy most of the seed volume at maturity. In contrast, cereals like maize and wheat typically retain endosperm and are commonly treated as albuminous. Castor is also a well-known albuminous dicot due to persistent endosperm. Hence, pea is correctly classified as non-albuminous.
403. In a cereal embryo, the scutellum is functionally most associated with:
ⓐ. Forming the seed coat and mechanical protection
ⓑ. Storing all reserve food as thick fleshy tissue
ⓒ. Absorbing nutrients from endosperm and supplying the embryo
ⓓ. Protecting the radicle by forming a sheath around it
Correct Answer: Absorbing nutrients from endosperm and supplying the embryo
Explanation: The scutellum is the single cotyledon of a typical cereal embryo and is specialized mainly for absorption. During germination, it helps transfer nutrients from the endosperm to the growing embryo rather than acting as the principal storage tissue itself. This is why cereal seeds can have a large endosperm reserve while the embryo remains relatively small. In diagram-based questions, scutellum is identified as the shield-like cotyledon adjacent to endosperm. The concept tested is nutrient mobilization from endosperm via scutellum. Therefore, scutellum is chiefly linked to absorption and transfer of endosperm nutrients.
404. The coleoptile in a monocot seed is best described as:
ⓐ. The nutritive layer that secretes enzymes for endosperm digestion
ⓑ. The outer fruit wall fused with seed coat in grains
ⓒ. The sheath that encloses and protects the plumule
ⓓ. The sheath that encloses and protects the radicle
Correct Answer: The sheath that encloses and protects the plumule
Explanation: Coleoptile is a protective covering around the plumule (embryonic shoot) in many monocots, especially cereal seeds. Its primary role is to shield the shoot apex as it grows upward through soil during early germination. This is conceptually paired with coleorhiza, which protects the radicle region. In exam diagrams, coleoptile is shown as a cap-like or tubular sheath over the plumule. It is not a reserve tissue and is not part of the fruit wall structure. Hence, coleoptile is correctly described as the protective sheath around the plumule.
405. In many cereals, the structure that protects the radicle region during germination is:
ⓐ. Coleoptile
ⓑ. Coleorhiza
ⓒ. Scutellum
ⓓ. Hilum
Correct Answer: Coleorhiza
Explanation: Coleorhiza is the sheath-like protective covering associated with the radicle region in many cereal embryos. During germination, it helps safeguard the embryonic root and supports its emergence into the soil environment. This is a common pairing question with coleoptile, which protects the plumule, so the key is separating root protection from shoot protection. Scutellum is the cotyledon involved in absorption from endosperm, not a protective sheath. Hilum is an attachment scar and has no protective role for embryo emergence. Therefore, coleorhiza is the structure that protects the radicle region.
406. A mature seed shows two thick cotyledons occupying most of the seed and no distinct endosperm. This is most consistent with:
ⓐ. A typical albuminous cereal seed
ⓑ. A non-albuminous dicot seed
ⓒ. A syconus-type multiple fruit
ⓓ. A caryopsis with fused pericarp and seed coat
Correct Answer: A non-albuminous dicot seed
Explanation: Two thick cotyledons dominating the seed interior indicate that reserves are stored mainly in the embryo rather than in endosperm. The absence of a distinct endosperm at maturity is the defining characteristic of non-albuminous seeds. Many non-albuminous dicot seeds show precisely this pattern: large embryo with storage-rich cotyledons. Albuminous cereal seeds generally retain endosperm and have one cotyledon (scutellum), so they do not match. Caryopsis and multiple fruit refer to fruit-level structures, not internal seed reserve distribution. Hence, this description best fits a non-albuminous dicot seed.
407. Which statement correctly matches a common cereal seed feature?
ⓐ. One cotyledon (scutellum) with endosperm usually persistent
ⓑ. Two cotyledons with endosperm always absent
ⓒ. No cotyledon with food stored only in seed coat
ⓓ. One cotyledon with endosperm always absent
Correct Answer: One cotyledon (scutellum) with endosperm usually persistent
Explanation: Cereal seeds are typical monocot seeds with a single cotyledon known as the scutellum. In many cereals, endosperm remains as a major reserve tissue at maturity, supplying nutrients during germination. The scutellum facilitates absorption and transfer of these nutrients to the embryo. This is a standard structural package tested in labeling and concept questions. It contrasts with many non-albuminous dicot seeds where reserves shift to cotyledons and endosperm becomes absent at maturity. Therefore, one cotyledon (scutellum) with usually persistent endosperm is the correct match for cereal seeds.
408. A student identifies “scutellum” as the protective sheath of the plumule. The best correction is:
ⓐ. Scutellum is the sheath of the radicle; coleorhiza is the cotyledon
ⓑ. Scutellum is the outer fruit wall; coleoptile is the cotyledon
ⓒ. Scutellum is the cotyledon; coleoptile is the plumule sheath
ⓓ. Scutellum is the endosperm layer; coleoptile is the seed coat
Correct Answer: Scutellum is the cotyledon; coleoptile is the plumule sheath
Explanation: In monocot embryos, the scutellum is the single cotyledon and is mainly involved in absorbing nutrients from the endosperm. The protective sheath around the plumule is the coleoptile, which safeguards the shoot apex during emergence. This distinction is frequently tested because the names can be confused, especially in diagram-based questions. Correct identification depends on separating absorptive structures (scutellum) from protective coverings (coleoptile and coleorhiza). The correction also reinforces that scutellum is part of the embryo proper, not an external sheath. Hence, scutellum is the cotyledon and coleoptile is the plumule sheath.
409. Which option best indicates a non-albuminous seed when shown in a cross-section?
ⓐ. Large endosperm with embryo confined to one side
ⓑ. Endosperm reduced or absent, with embryo occupying most of the seed
ⓒ. Pericarp fused to testa, making a grain-like unit
ⓓ. Many fruitlets clustered on a common receptacle
Correct Answer: Endosperm reduced or absent, with embryo occupying most of the seed
Explanation: Non-albuminous seeds are identified by the mature seed lacking a prominent endosperm because it has been used up during development. Consequently, the embryo becomes relatively large and often occupies most of the seed interior, with cotyledons commonly serving as storage organs. A large endosperm with a small embryo suggests an albuminous seed, not non-albuminous. Pericarp fused to testa describes a caryopsis, which is a fruit-type feature and does not by itself indicate endosperm persistence. Clustered fruitlets describe aggregate fruits, which are unrelated to seed endosperm status. Therefore, reduced or absent endosperm with a large embryo indicates a non-albuminous seed.
410. In a cereal grain during early germination, the coleoptile is most directly important because it:
ⓐ. Forms the main storage reserve by thickening into endosperm
ⓑ. Produces the ovule and initiates seed development
ⓒ. Secretes all digestive enzymes needed for endosperm breakdown
ⓓ. Protects the developing shoot apex while it grows upward
Correct Answer: Protects the developing shoot apex while it grows upward
Explanation: The coleoptile functions as a protective sheath around the plumule in many cereal seedlings. During germination, the emerging shoot must pass through soil where mechanical resistance can damage delicate tissues. The coleoptile reduces this risk by enclosing and shielding the shoot apex until it reaches a safer environment. This role is distinct from nutrient storage, which is mainly associated with endosperm in many cereals, and from absorption, which is linked to the scutellum. The question tests functional understanding rather than simple labeling. Hence, coleoptile is important because it protects the developing shoot apex during upward growth.
411. A seed is most suited for wind dispersal when it has:
ⓐ. A hard, heavy seed coat and no appendages
ⓑ. Fleshy, juicy outer layers that attract feeders
ⓒ. A light body with wings or tufts of hairs increasing surface area
ⓓ. A sticky mucilage coat that swells strongly in water
Correct Answer: A light body with wings or tufts of hairs increasing surface area
Explanation: Wind dispersal is favored when seeds or fruits are light and have structures that increase air resistance, such as wings, feathery hairs, or tufts. These features slow the rate of fall and allow the wind to carry them farther from the parent plant. The key principle is maximizing surface area relative to mass so that even gentle air currents can transport them. This adaptation is often tested through functional reasoning rather than mere examples. Fleshy tissues primarily support animal dispersal, while sticky coats typically relate to adhesion-based dispersal. Therefore, light seeds with wings or hair tufts are best suited for wind dispersal.
412. Which example is most commonly associated with wind dispersal due to a tuft of hairs (pappus-like feature)?
ⓐ. Xanthium
ⓑ. Coconut
ⓒ. Pea
ⓓ. Dandelion
Correct Answer: Dandelion
Explanation: Dandelion fruits are well known for their tuft of fine hairs that acts like a parachute, enabling wind dispersal. The hairs increase surface area and create drag, allowing the fruit to float and travel significant distances. This is a classic exam example for wind dispersal by hair-like appendages. The key point is not simply “light weight,” but the specialized structure that keeps it airborne longer. In contrast, Xanthium is linked with hook-based animal dispersal, and coconut with water dispersal. Hence, dandelion is commonly associated with wind dispersal due to a tuft of hairs.
413. A seed/fruit is best adapted for water dispersal when it shows:
ⓐ. A very thin seed coat that absorbs water quickly and sinks
ⓑ. A spongy or fibrous outer covering that aids buoyancy
ⓒ. Sharp hooks that attach to animal fur
ⓓ. A heavy stony layer that prevents floating
Correct Answer: A spongy or fibrous outer covering that aids buoyancy
Explanation: Water-dispersed seeds or fruits typically have adaptations that help them float and resist water damage. Spongy, fibrous, or air-filled tissues increase buoyancy and allow transport by streams or sea currents. This is often combined with a water-resistant outer surface that prevents rapid soaking and decay during long journeys. The core functional requirement is sustained floating capability, not rapid absorption or heavy sinking structures. Hooked structures are for animal dispersal, and a heavy stony layer generally reduces floatation. Therefore, spongy or fibrous buoyant coverings are best for water dispersal.
414. Which example is most commonly used for water dispersal by floating fruit?
ⓐ. Coconut
ⓑ. Dandelion
ⓒ. Xanthium
ⓓ. Pea
Correct Answer: Coconut
Explanation: Coconut is a classic example of water dispersal because the fruit has a fibrous husk and internal air spaces that promote buoyancy. This allows coconuts to float and travel across water bodies, sometimes over long distances via sea currents. The protective layers also help the seed remain viable during transport. This example is frequently tested as a direct association for hydrochory (water dispersal). The key idea is floating aided by fibrous outer covering rather than hooks or wings. Hence, coconut is most commonly used for water dispersal by floating fruit.
415. A fruit with stiff hooks or spines that readily cling to animal fur best indicates dispersal by:
ⓐ. Wind
ⓑ. Water
ⓒ. Animals (external attachment)
ⓓ. Self-explosion
Correct Answer: Animals (external attachment)
Explanation: Hooked or spiny fruits are an adaptation for animal-mediated dispersal through external attachment to fur, feathers, or clothing. The hooks increase the chance that the fruit will be carried away from the parent plant before it falls off, improving spread. This mechanism is often termed epizoochory and is tested through structure–function logic. The key feature is mechanical clinging, not buoyancy or air resistance. Wind-dispersed structures tend to be winged or hairy, while water dispersal requires flotation traits. Therefore, hooked or spiny fruits indicate dispersal by animals via external attachment.
416. Which example is most commonly linked with animal dispersal by hooks (clinging to fur)?
ⓐ. Coconut
ⓑ. Wheat
ⓒ. Dandelion
ⓓ. Xanthium
Correct Answer: Xanthium
Explanation: Xanthium is a standard example of animal dispersal by external attachment because its fruit has hook-like structures that cling to fur. This enables the fruit to be transported over distances before detaching, thereby aiding dispersal away from the parent plant. Such features are commonly highlighted in exam questions as classic hook-based adaptations. Dandelion is associated with wind dispersal via hair tufts, while coconut is associated with water dispersal by flotation. The question tests correct mapping of structural adaptation to dispersal agent. Hence, Xanthium is commonly linked with animal dispersal by hooks.
417. Dispersal by animals through eating the fruit most strongly requires:
ⓐ. A dry, papery pericarp and very small seeds
ⓑ. A fleshy, attractive edible part with seeds protected from digestion
ⓒ. Long hair tufts that catch in air currents
ⓓ. A fibrous husk that keeps the fruit floating in sea water
Correct Answer: A fleshy, attractive edible part with seeds protected from digestion
Explanation: When dispersal occurs via animals consuming fruits, the plant benefits by offering a fleshy, palatable tissue that attracts animals. The seeds are typically protected by a tough seed coat so they can survive passage through the digestive tract and be released elsewhere. This mechanism, often called endozoochory, depends on both attraction and seed survival. The essential adaptation is not lightness or buoyancy, but edibility combined with protective features around the seed. Such questions test functional reasoning: “attract + survive digestion.” Therefore, fleshy fruits with protected seeds best support dispersal by animals through eating.
418. A seed with a sticky surface that adheres to animal bodies without hooks best indicates:
ⓐ. Wind dispersal
ⓑ. Water dispersal
ⓒ. Animal dispersal by adhesion (sticky)
ⓓ. Dispersal by splitting of dry fruit
Correct Answer: Animal dispersal by adhesion (sticky)
Explanation: Sticky seeds or fruits disperse by adhering to animal fur, feathers, or human clothing through a glue-like surface rather than through hooks. This is an animal-based external transport method where the plant uses adhesion to secure dispersal. The functional advantage is that even without spines, the seed can attach and be carried away before falling off. Wind dispersal typically relies on wings or hair tufts, and water dispersal relies on buoyant coverings. Dry-fruit splitting is a self-dispersal mechanism and does not require stickiness. Therefore, sticky surfaces indicate animal dispersal by adhesion.
419. Which pair is correctly matched for dispersal agent and key adaptation?
ⓐ. Wind — fibrous husk that increases buoyancy
ⓑ. Water — hair tuft that increases air resistance
ⓒ. Animals (external) — hooks or spines for clinging
ⓓ. Animals (internal) — wing-like expansions for gliding
Correct Answer: Animals (external) — hooks or spines for clinging
Explanation: External animal dispersal depends on mechanical attachment, most commonly through hooks, spines, or barbs that cling to fur or feathers. This directly supports transport away from the parent plant without requiring the animal to eat the fruit. Water dispersal requires buoyancy features like fibrous husks or air spaces, while wind dispersal relies on wings or hair tufts to increase drag. Internal animal dispersal depends on edible tissues and seed protection from digestion, not wing-like expansions. The correct match must align agent with the correct functional adaptation. Therefore, animals (external) matched with hooks or spines is correct.
420. A student says “coconut disperses by wind because it is large.” The best correction is:
ⓐ. Coconut disperses mainly by water because its fibrous husk aids floating
ⓑ. Coconut disperses mainly by animals because it has hooks on the fruit
ⓒ. Coconut disperses mainly by wind because all large fruits are wind-dispersed
ⓓ. Coconut disperses mainly by self-explosion because it is a dry fruit
Correct Answer: Coconut disperses mainly by water because its fibrous husk aids floating
Explanation: Coconut is primarily adapted for water dispersal, not wind dispersal, because it has a fibrous husk and internal features that enhance buoyancy. Large mass generally makes wind dispersal inefficient, so size alone does not support wind transport. The key concept is matching dispersal agent to structural adaptation: coconut’s outer coverings help it float and remain viable during transport by water currents. It also lacks hook-like structures used for external animal dispersal and does not show explosive dehiscence typical of some dry fruits. Exam questions often use coconut to test understanding of hydrochory. Therefore, coconut disperses mainly by water due to its buoyant fibrous husk.
421. In the diagnostic description of Fabaceae, the inflorescence is most commonly:
ⓐ. Solitary terminal flower with no branching
ⓑ. Compound umbel arising from a scape
ⓒ. Spadix with a large spathe
ⓓ. Racemose, usually an axillary raceme
Correct Answer: Racemose, usually an axillary raceme
Explanation: Fabaceae typically shows racemose inflorescence, and many common members bear flowers in axillary racemes where younger flowers are closer to the tip and older ones are at the base. This pattern reflects an indeterminate main axis that continues to grow while flowers are produced laterally. In family diagnosis, this feature is used along with papilionaceous corolla and diadelphous stamens to identify the group. Students often confuse it with cymose patterns because the flowers may look clustered, but the axis behavior is the key. Axillary raceme is a high-frequency identification point for Fabaceae. Therefore, “racemose, usually axillary raceme” fits Fabaceae.
422. A plant shows a typical cymose inflorescence (often dichasial) as a family-level clue. Among these, the best match is:
ⓐ. Fabaceae
ⓑ. Solanaceae
ⓒ. Liliaceae
ⓓ. None; all three are strictly racemose
Correct Answer: Solanaceae
Explanation: Solanaceae is commonly described with cymose inflorescence, often appearing as dichasial or scorpioid forms depending on the genus. The key diagnostic idea is that the main axis tends to terminate in a flower, and further flowers arise from lateral branches, giving a determinate pattern. This contrasts with the typical racemose tendency used in Fabaceae diagnosis. While variation exists across genera, “cymose” is a standard family-level clue used in Class 11 morphology summaries for Solanaceae. The question is designed to test the axis-behavior concept rather than memorizing a single plant. Hence, the best match is Solanaceae.
423. If you must choose the family most often linked with racemose inflorescence in school-level diagnosis and also commonly having solitary or clustered flowers on an elongated axis, the best match is:
ⓐ. Liliaceae
ⓑ. Solanaceae
ⓒ. Fabaceae
ⓓ. None; all are strictly cymose
Correct Answer: Liliaceae
Explanation: Liliaceae is typically described with racemose inflorescence, and depending on the member, flowers may be solitary or arranged on an elongated axis as a raceme. The diagnostic point is that the main axis remains indeterminate in many cases, and flowers tend to show acropetal succession when arranged in a raceme. This stands in contrast to Solanaceae where cymose patterns are a more common family clue. In exam framing, Liliaceae inflorescence is often simplified as “racemose” to support quick identification along with trimerous flowers and tepals. Therefore, Liliaceae is the best match.
424. In a practical-style question, which inflorescence description most strongly points to Solanaceae rather than Fabaceae?
ⓐ. Axillary raceme with acropetal order
ⓑ. Spike with sessile flowers on an unbranched axis
ⓒ. Cymose cluster where the main axis ends in a flower
ⓓ. Umbel of many flowers arising from a single point
Correct Answer: Cymose cluster where the main axis ends in a flower
Explanation: A cymose cluster is characterized by a determinate main axis that terminates in a flower, with subsequent flowers produced by lateral branches. This “axis ends in a flower” feature is a high-yield conceptual cue distinguishing cymose from racemose inflorescences. Fabaceae is more often identified with racemose inflorescence, where the main axis keeps growing and flowers appear in acropetal succession. By focusing on axis termination rather than just “clustered appearance,” the question prevents superficial guessing. Umbel and spike are distractors that do not serve as primary family-level diagnosis among these three in standard summaries. Hence, the cymose cluster with terminal flower supports Solanaceae.
425. A student notes: “Flowers are arranged in an axillary raceme; the main axis continues to grow; younger flowers are towards the tip.” This combination best supports:
ⓐ. Solanaceae
ⓑ. Liliaceae
ⓒ. Brassicaceae
ⓓ. Fabaceae
Correct Answer: Fabaceae
Explanation: The described features—axillary raceme, indeterminate axis growth, and acropetal sequence—are classic racemose inflorescence indicators. In Class 11 family diagnosis, Fabaceae is commonly associated with racemose inflorescence, especially axillary racemes in many familiar taxa. The question also includes the functional clue “main axis continues to grow,” which directly points to racemose organization. Liliaceae may also show racemose patterns, but the combination “axillary raceme” is a stronger routine diagnostic association for Fabaceae in standard comparisons of these families. The distractor Brassicaceae is included to test whether the student stays within the asked family set. Therefore, this combination best supports Fabaceae.
426. Which statement is most accurate as a family-level diagnostic point about inflorescence in Fabaceae, Solanaceae, and Liliaceae?
ⓐ. Solanaceae is commonly cymose, while Fabaceae and Liliaceae are commonly racemose
ⓑ. All three families are strictly cymose with determinate axes
ⓒ. Fabaceae is typically spadix, Solanaceae is umbel, Liliaceae is capitulum
ⓓ. Liliaceae is always solitary and never shows an inflorescence
Correct Answer: Solanaceae is commonly cymose, while Fabaceae and Liliaceae are commonly racemose
Explanation: In standard school-level diagnostic tables, Solanaceae is commonly presented with cymose inflorescence, emphasizing a determinate axis ending in a flower. Fabaceae is commonly presented with racemose inflorescence, often axillary raceme, reflecting an indeterminate axis and acropetal flowering sequence. Liliaceae is also commonly presented as racemose in many summaries, even though individual members may show solitary flowers or variations. The point of such diagnosis is not to claim absolute uniformity, but to provide the most typical pattern used for quick identification. The distractor options introduce unrelated inflorescence types to test conceptual clarity. Hence, the most accurate statement is that Solanaceae is commonly cymose while Fabaceae and Liliaceae are commonly racemose.
427. A flower cluster shows clear acropetal succession on a long axis (older at base, younger at tip). Among the three families, this pattern most strongly supports:
ⓐ. Solanaceae
ⓑ. A family diagnosis cannot use flowering order
ⓒ. Fabaceae or Liliaceae, both commonly showing racemose pattern
ⓓ. Only Solanaceae, because cymose is always acropetal
Correct Answer: Fabaceae or Liliaceae, both commonly showing racemose pattern
Explanation: Acropetal succession—older flowers at the base and younger towards the apex—is a defining trait of racemose inflorescence. Both Fabaceae and Liliaceae are commonly described with racemose inflorescence in Class 11 diagnostic notes, so this pattern can support either family depending on other features. Solanaceae is more commonly described with cymose inflorescence, where the main axis ends in a flower and the flowering sequence is typically different from classic acropetal racemes. The question is designed to check whether the student uses flowering order as a legitimate identification tool for inflorescence type. It also avoids forcing a single-family answer when the pattern is shared. Therefore, the pattern supports Fabaceae or Liliaceae.
428. A student is confused: “Cymose means the axis continues to grow and flowers are younger at the base.” Which correction best fixes the concept?
ⓐ. Cymose has an indeterminate axis with acropetal succession
ⓑ. Cymose has a determinate axis; the main axis ends in a flower
ⓒ. Cymose is only used for underground inflorescences
ⓓ. Cymose means flowers arise from a scape and form an umbel
Correct Answer: Cymose has a determinate axis; the main axis ends in a flower
Explanation: Cymose inflorescence is defined by determinate growth: the main axis terminates in a flower, stopping further elongation of that axis. Subsequent flowers develop from lateral branches, which is why the arrangement can look clustered and the sequence differs from racemose patterns. This correction targets the common misconception that “more branching” automatically means an indeterminate axis. In contrast, racemose inflorescence is indeterminate and typically shows acropetal succession. The question anchors the definition to the axis behavior, which is the most exam-relevant diagnostic point. Therefore, the correct correction is that cymose has a determinate axis ending in a flower.
429. Which inflorescence statement most reliably helps you choose Solanaceae over Fabaceae in a one-line family diagnosis?
ⓐ. “Flowers are always in a spike.”
ⓑ. “Flowers are always solitary.”
ⓒ. “Inflorescence is always an umbel.”
ⓓ. “Inflorescence commonly cymose; axis terminates in a flower.”
Correct Answer: “Inflorescence commonly cymose; axis terminates in a flower.”
Explanation: The most reliable one-line separator here is the cymose nature of the inflorescence for Solanaceae, characterized by a determinate axis ending in a flower. This is frequently used in standard diagnostic summaries because it contrasts neatly with Fabaceae, which is commonly linked to racemose inflorescence with an indeterminate axis. Statements like “always spike,” “always solitary,” or “always umbel” are overly absolute and not used as primary diagnostic points for these families at this level. The key value of the cymose statement is that it encodes both structure and axis behavior, making it a strong identification cue. This is exactly the style of feature used in board and competitive MCQs. Therefore, the cymose, axis-terminating statement best supports Solanaceae.
430. A specimen has racemose inflorescence and large showy trimerous flowers; if forced to decide using inflorescence as a supportive clue among the three, the best match is:
ⓐ. Solanaceae
ⓑ. Fabaceae
ⓒ. Asteraceae
ⓓ. Liliaceae
Correct Answer: Liliaceae
Explanation: Racemose inflorescence supports an indeterminate axis pattern, and in standard Class 11 diagnosis, Liliaceae is commonly presented with racemose inflorescence (with variation such as solitary flowers in some members). The added clue of trimerous, showy flowers aligns strongly with monocot floral organization, which is characteristic of Liliaceae in this chapter’s family profiles. Solanaceae is more commonly linked to cymose inflorescence and typically pentamerous floral plan, making it less consistent with the given combination. Fabaceae has racemose inflorescence commonly, but its floral plan and corolla type are distinct and not trimerous. The distractor Asteraceae is included to ensure the choice remains within the targeted families. Therefore, the best match is Liliaceae.
431. A flower with papilionaceous corolla and vexillary (descending imbricate) aestivation is most diagnostic of:
ⓐ. Solanaceae
ⓑ. Liliaceae
ⓒ. Asteraceae
ⓓ. Fabaceae
Correct Answer: Fabaceae
Explanation: Fabaceae is characteristically identified by a papilionaceous corolla made of standard, wings, and keel, along with vexillary aestivation where the standard overlaps the other petals. This combination is a high-yield family-level diagnostic because it is tightly linked to zygomorphic symmetry and the typical floral plan of legumes. In practical questions, the “standard–wings–keel” layout plus vexillary arrangement is treated as a signature clue that immediately narrows the family to Fabaceae. This feature is part of the flower diagnostic set used alongside diadelphous stamens and monocarpellary gynoecium. Therefore, papilionaceous corolla with vexillary aestivation points to Fabaceae.
432. Epipetalous stamens (stamens attached to petals) are most typically associated with:
ⓐ. Fabaceae
ⓑ. Solanaceae
ⓒ. Liliaceae
ⓓ. Poaceae
Correct Answer: Solanaceae
Explanation: In Solanaceae, the flowers commonly show stamens attached to the corolla, a condition termed epipetalous, which is an adhesion feature between androecium and petals. This is used as a diagnostic trait because it is consistently emphasized in Class 11 family profiles along with actinomorphic symmetry and pentamerous floral parts. In such flowers, the stamens appear to arise from the corolla tube or petal base rather than directly from the receptacle. This insertion pattern helps separate Solanaceae from Fabaceae, where stamens are typically free from petals and often show filament bundling (diadelphous). Hence, epipetalous stamens are most typically linked with Solanaceae.
433. Diadelphous androecium (often 9 + 1 arrangement) is a diagnostic androecium feature of:
ⓐ. Fabaceae
ⓑ. Solanaceae
ⓒ. Liliaceae
ⓓ. Brassicaceae
Correct Answer: Fabaceae
Explanation: Fabaceae commonly shows diadelphous stamens, where filaments are united into two bundles, frequently represented as nine stamens forming one bundle and one stamen remaining separate. This feature is widely used as an exam-level diagnostic because it reflects cohesion within the androecium and is strongly associated with papilionaceous flowers in many legumes. The key point is “two bundles,” which distinguishes it from monadelphous (one bundle) and from epipetalous adhesion typical of Solanaceae. In identification questions, diadelphous condition is treated as a hallmark of Fabaceae androecium. Therefore, diadelphous (9 + 1) androecium supports Fabaceae.
434. A flower that is typically trimerous with six stamens and tepals, used as a diagnostic in school-level family study, best matches:
ⓐ. Solanaceae
ⓑ. Fabaceae
ⓒ. Liliaceae
ⓓ. Malvaceae
Correct Answer: Liliaceae
Explanation: Liliaceae is commonly diagnosed at this level by a trimerous floral plan, where the perianth is often represented as six tepals (3 + 3) and androecium typically has six stamens (3 + 3). This trimerous pattern is a classic monocot clue and is regularly used in family comparison questions. The term “tepals” is important because sepals and petals are often not sharply differentiated in the perianth here. The six-stamen condition in a trimerous framework is an efficient diagnostic bundle that distinguishes Liliaceae from the mostly pentamerous Solanaceae and the papilionaceous Fabaceae. Hence, trimerous flower with six stamens and tepals best matches Liliaceae.
435. Zygomorphic symmetry with a papilionaceous corolla is most consistently seen in:
ⓐ. Fabaceae
ⓑ. Solanaceae
ⓒ. Liliaceae
ⓓ. Cucurbitaceae
Correct Answer: Fabaceae
Explanation: Fabaceae flowers are typically zygomorphic because the papilionaceous corolla creates a clear bilateral plane of symmetry. The distinct standard, wings, and keel produce a specialized floral architecture that supports insect pollination and is repeatedly emphasized as a diagnostic family feature. This is unlike Solanaceae and Liliaceae, which are commonly treated as actinomorphic in basic family diagnosis. The zygomorphic nature in Fabaceae is reinforced by typical associated traits such as vexillary aestivation and diadelphous stamens in many members. In board-style questions, “zygomorphic + papilionaceous” is a strong combined clue. Therefore, zygomorphic symmetry with papilionaceous corolla indicates Fabaceae.
436. A typical Solanaceae flower is best described as:
ⓐ. Trimerous, with six stamens and tepals
ⓑ. Pentamerous, actinomorphic, with five epipetalous stamens
ⓒ. Zygomorphic, papilionaceous, with diadelphous stamens
ⓓ. Tetramerous, with six stamens (tetradynamous)
Correct Answer: Pentamerous, actinomorphic, with five epipetalous stamens
Explanation: Solanaceae is commonly summarized as having actinomorphic, pentamerous flowers with five stamens that are usually epipetalous. This package of traits is used repeatedly in diagnostic tables because it combines symmetry, merosity, and a clear androecium insertion feature. The “five epipetalous stamens” point helps distinguish it from Fabaceae, where stamens often show filament bundling and the corolla is papilionaceous. It also separates it from Liliaceae, where the floral plan is typically trimerous with tepals and six stamens. Thus, pentamerous actinomorphic flowers with five epipetalous stamens best describe Solanaceae.
437. Stamens attached to the perianth segments (often termed epiphyllous) are a common diagnostic point for:
ⓐ. Fabaceae
ⓑ. Solanaceae
ⓒ. Asteraceae
ⓓ. Liliaceae
Correct Answer: Liliaceae
Explanation: In Liliaceae, the perianth is commonly represented by tepals, and the stamens are often described as attached to these perianth segments, a condition referred to as epiphyllous. This is a useful diagnostic clue because it links androecium insertion to the perianth rather than to a distinct corolla, fitting the typical monocot floral organization. It also helps separate Liliaceae from Solanaceae, where stamens are classically epipetalous (attached to petals), and from Fabaceae, where the corolla is papilionaceous and stamens show cohesion patterns like diadelphous. In exam framing, “tepals + epiphyllous stamens” is a recognizable pair. Therefore, epiphyllous stamens are a common diagnostic point for Liliaceae.
438. A flower shows actinomorphic symmetry and stamens equal in number to petals, attached to the corolla tube. This combination most strongly supports:
ⓐ. Fabaceae
ⓑ. Liliaceae
ⓒ. Solanaceae
ⓓ. Poaceae
Correct Answer: Solanaceae
Explanation: Actinomorphic symmetry with stamens attached to the corolla tube indicates epipetaly, which is a typical diagnostic trait used for Solanaceae. In the common Solanaceae pattern, the flower is pentamerous and the five stamens are attached to the petals, often appearing inserted on the corolla tube. This combination also aligns with the standard “stamens equal to petals” condition in many basic descriptions of the family. The clue set is inconsistent with Fabaceae, which is usually zygomorphic with a specialized papilionaceous corolla, and with Liliaceae, where tepals and six stamens are more typical. Hence, the described combination supports Solanaceae.
439. If the androecium is described as “10 stamens with filament bundling into two groups,” the best family match among the three is:
ⓐ. Fabaceae
ⓑ. Solanaceae
ⓒ. Liliaceae
ⓓ. Asteraceae
Correct Answer: Fabaceae
Explanation: Ten stamens arranged with filaments forming two bundles is the classic diadelphous condition, most often used as a diagnostic androecium feature for Fabaceae in Class 11 family comparisons. The “two-bundle” nature is central because it indicates cohesion within the androecium rather than adhesion to petals. Solanaceae typically has five stamens and commonly epipetalous insertion, so it does not fit “10 with two bundles.” Liliaceae typically has six stamens in a trimerous floral plan, making it incompatible with the given count. Therefore, “10 stamens with two filament bundles” best matches Fabaceae.
440. A trimerous flower with six stamens and perianth in two whorls (3 + 3) is most consistent with:
ⓐ. Solanaceae
ⓑ. Liliaceae
ⓒ. Fabaceae
ⓓ. Rosaceae
Correct Answer: Liliaceae
Explanation: Liliaceae is commonly characterized by a trimerous floral plan typical of monocots, with perianth often present as two whorls of three tepals each (3 + 3) and androecium typically consisting of six stamens (3 + 3). This structure is used as a core diagnostic feature in school-level family study because it is straightforward to recognize and contrasts strongly with the pentamerous pattern of Solanaceae and the papilionaceous zygomorphic pattern of Fabaceae. The “two whorls of three” framing is a frequent exam phrasing that points to monocot floral organization. This makes Liliaceae the best match when the perianth and stamen counts align as 3 + 3. Therefore, the description is most consistent with Liliaceae.
441. In the standard family description, the gynoecium of Fabaceae is typically:
ⓐ. Bicarpellary, syncarpous with parietal placentation
ⓑ. Tricarpellary, syncarpous with basal placentation
ⓒ. Multicarpellary, apocarpous with marginal placentation
ⓓ. Monocarpellary with a superior ovary and marginal placentation
Correct Answer: Monocarpellary with a superior ovary and marginal placentation
Explanation: Fabaceae is classically diagnosed with a single carpel forming the gynoecium, so it is monocarpellary rather than bi- or tricarpellary. The ovary is typically superior, meaning other floral parts arise below it, and the placentation is marginal, with ovules attached along the ventral suture. This set of characters is repeatedly used in board and competitive questions because it aligns with the typical “legume” fruit formation. The key recognition point is “one carpel + marginal placentation,” which is strongly associated with this family. It also helps differentiate Fabaceae from Solanaceae and Liliaceae, which are commonly syncarpous. Therefore, the typical Fabaceae gynoecium is monocarpellary with a superior ovary and marginal placentation.
442. The gynoecium most commonly described for Solanaceae in school-level diagnosis is:
ⓐ. Monocarpellary with marginal placentation
ⓑ. Bicarpellary, syncarpous with a superior ovary
ⓒ. Tricarpellary, apocarpous with axile placentation
ⓓ. Multicarpellary, syncarpous with free-central placentation
Correct Answer: Bicarpellary, syncarpous with a superior ovary
Explanation: Solanaceae is typically summarized as having two carpels that are fused (syncarpous), forming a single compound ovary. The ovary is generally superior in the standard family description, which is a frequent point used along with actinomorphic pentamerous flowers. This combination is tested as a diagnostic set because it is consistent across many familiar solanaceous plants used in classrooms. The key is recognizing “bicarpellary syncarpous” rather than confusing it with Fabaceae’s monocarpellary condition. The superior ovary aspect further supports the standard family profile taught at this level. Hence, Solanaceae is commonly described as bicarpellary, syncarpous with a superior ovary.
443. The typical placentation associated with Solanaceae in basic morphology tables is:
ⓐ. Marginal
ⓑ. Basal
ⓒ. Axile
ⓓ. Free-central
Correct Answer: Axile
Explanation: In the standard description of Solanaceae, the fused carpels form a compound ovary where ovules are attached to a central axis, which is axile placentation. This fits well with the common portrayal of a bilocular ovary, though the number of locules can vary due to septal modifications in some cases. The key exam point is that ovules are centrally arranged in a syncarpous ovary, matching the axile pattern. This helps separate it from Fabaceae, where marginal placentation is tied to a single carpel. It also distinguishes Solanaceae from certain families where parietal or free-central patterns are emphasized. Therefore, axile placentation is the typical placentation associated with Solanaceae.
444. In Liliaceae, the gynoecium is most typically:
ⓐ. Tricarpellary, syncarpous with a superior ovary
ⓑ. Bicarpellary, apocarpous with a superior ovary
ⓒ. Monocarpellary, syncarpous with marginal placentation
ⓓ. Pentacarpellary, apocarpous with inferior ovary
Correct Answer: Tricarpellary, syncarpous with a superior ovary
Explanation: Liliaceae is commonly presented as having three carpels that are fused, forming a syncarpous gynoecium. The ovary is generally superior in the standard diagnostic profile used in Class 11 morphology comparisons. This tricarpellary syncarpous condition aligns with typical monocot floral organization and is taught alongside trimerous perianth and six stamens. The “3 carpels fused” point is an important discriminator against Solanaceae (often bicarpellary) and Fabaceae (monocarpellary). The superior ovary feature supports the conventional family description used for quick identification. Hence, Liliaceae typically shows a tricarpellary, syncarpous gynoecium with a superior ovary.
445. Which fruit type is most diagnostic of Fabaceae in this chapter’s family comparisons?
ⓐ. Berry
ⓑ. Capsule
ⓒ. Legume (pod)
ⓓ. Caryopsis (grain)
Correct Answer: Legume (pod)
Explanation: Fabaceae is strongly associated with the legume, a characteristic pod-like fruit that develops from a single carpel. The key identification point is that the fruit typically develops along the ventral and dorsal sutures of the carpel and commonly opens at maturity to release seeds. This fruit association is repeatedly tested because it integrates gynoecium structure (monocarpellary) with the final fruit outcome. It also distinguishes Fabaceae from Solanaceae, which commonly produces berries or capsules, and from monocot grains like caryopsis. In exam questions, “Fabaceae → legume” is among the most stable and high-yield matches. Therefore, the most diagnostic fruit type of Fabaceae is the legume (pod).
446. In standard family-level description, which fruit type is commonly listed for Solanaceae?
ⓐ. Legume only
ⓑ. Samara only
ⓒ. Drupe only
ⓓ. Berry or capsule, depending on the genus
Correct Answer: Berry or capsule, depending on the genus
Explanation: Solanaceae is commonly described as producing either a berry or a capsule, and this variation is often mentioned explicitly in basic family summaries. The diagnostic value is that the family does not restrict fruit type to a single form like the legume in Fabaceae; instead, familiar members show fleshy berries in some cases and dry capsules in others. This statement is framed to reflect typical teaching: fruit type is a family clue but may vary with genus. It remains a useful exam point when combined with other features like bicarpellary syncarpous gynoecium and axile placentation. The phrase “berry or capsule” appears frequently in quick comparison tables. Hence, Solanaceae commonly shows berry or capsule fruit depending on the genus.
447. A flower shows marginal placentation with ovules attached along the ventral suture of a single carpel. This best supports:
ⓐ. Fabaceae
ⓑ. Solanaceae
ⓒ. Liliaceae
ⓓ. Poaceae
Correct Answer: Fabaceae
Explanation: Marginal placentation is most directly linked with a monocarpellary gynoecium where ovules are arranged along the margin of the carpel. This is a typical diagnostic character for Fabaceae in the families covered in this chapter. The single-carpel condition aligns with the development of a legume fruit and provides a coherent structural explanation for seed arrangement. Solanaceae and Liliaceae are typically syncarpous and more often associated with axile placentation in standard descriptions. The question tests whether the student can map placentation back to carpel number and family identity. Therefore, the described marginal placentation in a single carpel best supports Fabaceae.
448. In Liliaceae, the placentation most commonly stated in school-level diagnosis is:
ⓐ. Marginal
ⓑ. Axile
ⓒ. Parietal
ⓓ. Basal
Correct Answer: Axile
Explanation: Liliaceae is typically described with a tricarpellary, syncarpous ovary where ovules are borne on a central axis, indicating axile placentation. This matches the standard monocot family description presented alongside trimerous perianth and epiphyllous stamens. The axile pattern is a recurring exam point because it fits the internal organization of a compound ovary formed by fused carpels. It also helps separate Liliaceae from Fabaceae, where marginal placentation follows from a single carpel. While placentation can show variation across broad groups, the expected answer in this chapter’s diagnostic framework is axile. Therefore, Liliaceae most commonly shows axile placentation.
449. Which fruit type is commonly listed for Liliaceae in basic family diagnosis?
ⓐ. Legume
ⓑ. Siliqua
ⓒ. Nut
ⓓ. Capsule or berry
Correct Answer: Capsule or berry
Explanation: Liliaceae is commonly described as producing a capsule or a berry, and this pairing is often given in family-level summaries to reflect variation among typical members. This fruit description is used together with the trimerous flower plan and tricarpellary syncarpous gynoecium to identify the family. The key exam idea is that Liliaceae fruits are not legumes (Fabaceae) and not siliqua (a different family pattern), so “capsule/berry” remains the expected diagnostic choice. This also aligns with the general monocot pattern where capsules are common, with berries occurring in certain genera. The question targets memory plus conceptual association with gynoecium structure. Hence, capsule or berry is commonly listed for Liliaceae.
450. A student writes: “Solanaceae has monocarpellary gynoecium and legume fruit.” The best correction is:
ⓐ. Solanaceae is apocarpous with aggregate fruit
ⓑ. Solanaceae is tricarpellary with capsule only
ⓒ. Solanaceae is bicarpellary syncarpous and typically bears berry or capsule
ⓓ. Solanaceae is monocot with caryopsis fruit
Correct Answer: Solanaceae is bicarpellary syncarpous and typically bears berry or capsule
Explanation: Solanaceae is classically described as having two fused carpels forming a syncarpous gynoecium, not a single carpel. Because the gynoecium is not monocarpellary, the characteristic legume fruit of Fabaceae does not apply here. Instead, Solanaceae is commonly summarized as producing berry or capsule fruits, depending on the genus, which fits many familiar examples used in school-level identification. This correction focuses on the two most diagnostic points: carpel number with fusion status, and the typical fruit category. The purpose is to prevent mixing family profiles across the three families studied in this chapter. Therefore, the correct correction is that Solanaceae is bicarpellary syncarpous and typically bears berry or capsule.
451. Which crop is a Fabaceae member widely grown as a pulse (protein-rich seed) for human consumption?
ⓐ. Gram (chickpea)
ⓑ. Onion
ⓒ. Potato
ⓓ. Wheat
Correct Answer: Gram (chickpea)
Explanation: Gram (chickpea) belongs to Fabaceae and is cultivated mainly for its edible seeds that are rich in proteins, making it a major pulse crop. Pulses are typically harvested as dry seeds and form a key dietary protein source in many regions. This economic role is strongly associated with Fabaceae because many legumes store substantial proteins in their cotyledons. In exam framing, “pulse crops” are one of the most direct economic importance points of Fabaceae. The family is also linked with nitrogen fixation, which supports sustainable pulse farming. Therefore, gram is a Fabaceae pulse crop of high economic importance.
452. Which plant is correctly matched to Solanaceae and is cultivated primarily as a tuber crop?
ⓐ. Groundnut
ⓑ. Pea
ⓒ. Onion
ⓓ. Potato
Correct Answer: Potato
Explanation: Potato is a Solanaceae member and is cultivated chiefly for its underground stem tubers used as a major carbohydrate-rich food. The economic importance lies in its high yield, wide adaptability, and staple role in diets and food industries. Many questions test the family association because potato is a standard classroom example of Solanaceae. The tuber is a stem modification, but the crop’s classification is based on botanical family, not the modified organ. This makes potato an easy and high-yield economic example for Solanaceae. Therefore, potato is correctly matched to Solanaceae as a tuber crop.
453. Which Fabaceae plant is most widely known as an oilseed crop with edible oil extracted from its seeds?
ⓐ. Tomato
ⓑ. Groundnut
ⓒ. Onion
ⓓ. Garlic
Correct Answer: Groundnut
Explanation: Groundnut is a Fabaceae member cultivated extensively for its oil-rich seeds, making it a major edible oil source. Its seeds contain substantial lipids, and processing yields cooking oil as well as oil-cake used as animal feed. This dual-use value is a standard economic importance point of Fabaceae beyond pulses. Exam questions often differentiate oilseed legumes from vegetable crops of other families by mixing familiar names. Groundnut’s family placement is also linked with root nodules and nitrogen fixation, which supports soil fertility. Hence, groundnut is a Fabaceae oilseed crop.
454. Which Solanaceae member is a major commercial source of nicotine used in tobacco products?
ⓐ. Capsicum (chilli)
ⓑ. Tomato
ⓒ. Tobacco (Nicotiana)
ⓓ. Brinjal (eggplant)
Correct Answer: Tobacco (Nicotiana)
Explanation: Tobacco (Nicotiana) belongs to Solanaceae and is economically important for nicotine, an alkaloid produced in the plant and accumulated in leaves. The crop is cultivated specifically for leaf harvesting and processing, making it a classic “economic importance” example for Solanaceae. Competitive questions frequently test the link between Solanaceae and pharmacologically active compounds such as alkaloids. The family contains several plants valued for food, but tobacco is highlighted for industrial and commercial uses tied to nicotine. This makes the family association a key recall point. Therefore, tobacco is the Solanaceae source of nicotine.
455. Which pair is correctly matched to Liliaceae and used widely as a vegetable/spice due to pungent bulbs?
ⓐ. Potato and tomato
ⓑ. Pea and gram
ⓒ. Brinjal and chilli
ⓓ. Onion and garlic
Correct Answer: Onion and garlic
Explanation: Onion and garlic are commonly taught as Liliaceae examples in Class 11 economic importance lists and are valued for their edible bulbs used as vegetables and spices. Their pungency and flavor make them staples in culinary use, and they are grown on a large commercial scale. The economic point is centered on the bulb as a storage organ and on widespread dietary and market demand. In standard school-level family examples, Allium species are repeatedly used to represent Liliaceae. These plants also appear in questions that connect bulb structure with food utility. Therefore, onion and garlic are correctly matched to Liliaceae as pungent bulb crops.
456. Which benefit is most directly associated with many Fabaceae crops in agriculture due to root nodules?
ⓐ. Biological nitrogen enrichment of soil via symbiosis
ⓑ. Seed dispersal mainly by wind due to hair tufts
ⓒ. Floating dispersal by fibrous fruit husk
ⓓ. Formation of syconus fruit from hollow inflorescence
Correct Answer: Biological nitrogen enrichment of soil via symbiosis
Explanation: Many Fabaceae plants form root nodules that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria, enabling conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms for plant growth. This improves soil fertility and reduces dependence on nitrogen fertilizers, which is a major agricultural advantage of legume cultivation. In crop rotation, legumes are strategically included to enhance soil nitrogen status for subsequent crops. This “biofertilizer-like” value is a standard economic importance point for Fabaceae and is frequently tested as a concept application. The nodulation feature is tied to symbiosis, not to dispersal or fruit-type specializations. Therefore, biological nitrogen enrichment via root nodules is the key benefit.
457. Which Solanaceae crop is widely cultivated as a vegetable for its edible berry fruit?
ⓐ. Groundnut
ⓑ. Onion
ⓒ. Tomato
ⓓ. Pea
Correct Answer: Tomato
Explanation: Tomato belongs to Solanaceae and is cultivated primarily for its edible fleshy fruit, botanically classified as a berry. Its economic importance includes fresh consumption, processing into sauces and pastes, and large-scale horticultural production. The family association is a common exam point because tomato is among the most familiar Solanaceae crops. The question also reinforces that edible plant “fruits” used as vegetables can still be true fruits botanically. This helps students connect morphology with economic usage. Therefore, tomato is a Solanaceae crop valued for its edible berry fruit.
458. Which Liliaceae member is commonly grown as an ornamental plant for its showy flowers?
ⓐ. Tobacco
ⓑ. Lily (Lilium)
ⓒ. Gram (chickpea)
ⓓ. Potato
Correct Answer: Lily (Lilium)
Explanation: Lily (Lilium) is commonly cited as an ornamental representative of Liliaceae, valued for large, attractive flowers used in gardens and the cut-flower industry. Its economic importance is linked to horticulture, floriculture trade, and aesthetic landscaping demand. In Class 11 family examples, Lilium is repeatedly used to represent ornamental importance of Liliaceae. The question tests whether students can separate ornamental value from food and industrial crops across families. The floral showiness is tied to the plant’s usage rather than to a specific fruit type. Therefore, lily is a Liliaceae member grown as an ornamental.
459. “Indigo dye” as an economic product is most closely associated with which family among the three?
ⓐ. Fabaceae
ⓑ. Solanaceae
ⓒ. Liliaceae
ⓓ. Poaceae
Correct Answer: Fabaceae
Explanation: Indigo dye is classically linked with Fabaceae because indigo-yielding plants such as Indigofera are legumes. This is a standard economic importance point taught alongside pulses, oilseeds, fodder, and soil enrichment roles of Fabaceae. Exam questions use indigo as a “non-food” economic product to ensure students do not restrict Fabaceae to pulses only. The family association is based on botanical classification and commonly cited examples in school-level summaries. This also helps students recognize the broad economic diversity within Fabaceae. Therefore, indigo dye is most closely associated with Fabaceae.
460. Which pairing best matches a family with its typical economic use profile in Class 11 summaries?
ⓐ. Fabaceae — mainly bulb spices (onion, garlic)
ⓑ. Liliaceae — mainly nitrogen-fixing pulse crops
ⓒ. Solanaceae — major vegetables and alkaloid-bearing plants
ⓓ. Solanaceae — mainly caryopsis grain crops
Correct Answer: Solanaceae — major vegetables and alkaloid-bearing plants
Explanation: Solanaceae is economically important for several major vegetable crops (such as potato, tomato, brinjal, chilli) and also includes plants known for alkaloids used commercially or pharmacologically (such as nicotine in tobacco). This combined “food + alkaloid” profile is a common summary point for the family in exam-oriented notes. The other pairings mismatch typical examples: bulb spices are associated with Liliaceae examples in school lists, and nitrogen-fixing pulses are a hallmark of Fabaceae. Caryopsis grains are not a standard Solanaceae trait. The correct pairing reflects a broad yet accurate economic importance pattern. Therefore, Solanaceae is best matched with major vegetables and alkaloid-bearing plants.