Correct Answer: Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
Explanation: The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, launched in 2009, is designed to observe the universe in gamma-ray wavelengths. It detects high-energy phenomena such as gamma-ray bursts, pulsars, black holes, and supernova remnants, providing valuable insights into the most energetic processes in the cosmos.
Correct Answer: Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
Explanation: The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, launched in 2009, observes the universe in gamma-ray wavelengths, detecting high-energy phenomena such as gamma-ray bursts, black holes, and supernova remnants, providing valuable insights into the most energetic events in the cosmos.
Correct Answer: Chandra X-ray Observatory
Explanation: The Chandra X-ray Observatory, launched by ESA in 2002, studies the universe in X-ray wavelengths, revealing insights into black holes, neutron stars, galaxy clusters, and other high-energy astrophysical phenomena.
Correct Answer: Spitzer Space Telescope
Explanation: The Spitzer Space Telescope, launched by NASA in 2003, is dedicated to studying the infrared universe, providing insights into the formation of stars, planets, and galaxies, as well as the detection of dust-obscured objects.
Correct Answer: Herschel Space Observatory
Explanation: The Herschel Space Observatory, launched by ESA in 2009, observes the universe in far-infrared wavelengths, providing valuable data on the early universe, star formation, and the evolution of galaxies by studying cosmic dust and molecular clouds.
Correct Answer: James Webb Space Telescope
Explanation: The James Webb Space Telescope, set to launch in 2021, is designed to observe the universe in infrared wavelengths, enabling it to study the first galaxies that formed after the Big Bang and peer through cosmic dust clouds to unveil the early universe’s secrets.
Correct Answer: Hubble Space Telescope
Explanation: The Hubble Space Telescope, operated by NASA, ESA, and CSA, is known for its stunning images of the cosmos, capturing galaxies, nebulae, and other celestial objects with remarkable clarity and detail.
Correct Answer: Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
Explanation: The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, launched by ESA in 2009, studies the universe in gamma-ray wavelengths, providing insights into high-energy phenomena such as black holes, pulsars, gamma-ray bursts, and cosmic rays, contributing to our understanding of the most energetic processes in the cosmos.
Correct Answer: XMM-Newton Observatory
Explanation: The XMM-Newton Observatory, launched by ESA in 2009, studies the universe in X-ray wavelengths, revealing insights into black holes, galaxy clusters, active galactic nuclei and supernova remnants, among other high-energy astrophysical phenomena. It is named after Sir Isaac Newton and XMM stands for “X-ray Multi-Mirror”.
Correct Answer: Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
Explanation: The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, launched by NASA in 1999, is dedicated to studying the universe in gamma-ray wavelengths, detecting some of the most energetic phenomena in the cosmos, including gamma-ray bursts, pulsars, and active galactic nuclei.
Correct Answer: XMM-Newton Observatory
Explanation: The XMM-Newton Observatory, launched by ESA in 1999, studies the universe in X-ray wavelengths, providing insights into black holes, galaxy clusters, and the hot gas filling the intergalactic space, contributing to our understanding of cosmic structures and their evolution.
Correct Answer: Chandra X-ray Observatory
Explanation: The Chandra X-ray Observatory, launched by NASA in 1999, is dedicated to studying the high-energy universe in X-ray wavelengths, revealing insights into black holes, supernova remnants, active galaxies, and other celestial objects emitting X-rays.
Correct Answer: Hubble Space Telescope
Explanation: The Hubble Space Telescope, launched by NASA in 1990, has provided groundbreaking images and data across various wavelengths, revolutionizing our understanding of the cosmos and making significant contributions to astronomy and astrophysics.
Correct Answer: Herschel Space Observatory
Explanation: The Herschel Space Observatory, launched by ESA in 2009, studies the universe in far-infrared wavelengths, providing insights into star formation, galaxy evolution, and the composition of interstellar dust by observing cosmic clouds and stellar nurseries.
Correct Answer: Transit method
Explanation: The transit method is the primary method used to detect exoplanets, where astronomers observe the periodic dimming of a star’s light as a planet passes in front of it, causing a slight decrease in brightness.
Correct Answer: The region where liquid water could exist on a planet’s surface
Explanation: The habitable zone around a star is the region where the temperature is suitable for liquid water to exist on a planet’s surface, making it a potential location for life as we know it.
Correct Answer: Kepler
Explanation: The Kepler mission, launched in 2009, discovered thousands of exoplanet candidates using the transit method, revolutionizing our understanding of exoplanetary systems and their diversity.
Correct Answer: Astrobiology
Explanation: Astrobiology is the study of the potential for life elsewhere in the universe, including its origin, evolution, distribution, and future.
Correct Answer: Organisms that can survive in extreme environments
Explanation: Extremophiles are organisms that can survive and even thrive in extreme environments such as high temperatures, high pressure, acidity, or salinity, providing insights into potential life beyond Earth.
Correct Answer: Methane
Explanation: Methane is considered a potential biomarker for life on exoplanets, as it can be produced by biological processes such as the metabolic activity of microbes.
Correct Answer: 51 Pegasi b
Explanation: 51 Pegasi b was the first confirmed exoplanet discovered orbiting a main-sequence star in 1995, marking a significant milestone in the field of exoplanetary science.
Correct Answer: Europa
Explanation: Europa, one of Jupiter’s moons, is considered a potential candidate for hosting extraterrestrial life due to the presence of a subsurface ocean beneath its icy crust, which may contain the necessary conditions for life to exist.
Correct Answer: TESS
Explanation: The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), launched in 2018, is a NASA mission designed to search for exoplanets orbiting nearby stars using the transit method, focusing on stars closer to Earth than those observed by the Kepler mission.
Correct Answer: The principle that habitable planets must be located within the habitable zone of their star
Explanation: The Goldilocks principle in astrobiology refers to the idea that habitable planets must be located within the habitable zone of their star, where conditions are neither too hot nor too cold for liquid water to exist on the surface.
Correct Answer: Proxima Centauri b
Explanation: Proxima Centauri b is the closest known exoplanet to Earth, located in the habitable zone of its star, Proxima Centauri, which is the closest known star to the Sun.
Correct Answer: Kepler-186f
Explanation: Kepler-186f was the first confirmed exoplanet discovered in the habitable zone of its star, Kepler-186, located approximately 500 light-years away from Earth.
Correct Answer: Searching for extraterrestrial intelligence
Explanation: The primary goal of the SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) Institute is to search for extraterrestrial intelligence by scanning the cosmos for signals that may indicate the presence of technological civilizations beyond Earth.
Correct Answer: Circumstellar habitable zone
Explanation: The circumstellar habitable zone, also known as the Goldilocks zone, is the hypothetical region in space around a star where conditions are suitable for the existence of liquid water and the potential for life to exist, based on the requirements of life as we know it.
Correct Answer: TRAPPIST-1e
Explanation: TRAPPIST-1e, one of the seven Earth-sized exoplanets orbiting the ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1, is located within the habitable zone and is considered a prime target in the search for potentially habitable worlds due to its size and proximity to its star.
Correct Answer: JWST (James Webb Space Telescope)
Explanation: The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), launched in 2021, aims to study the atmospheres of exoplanets to determine their composition, temperature, and potential for hosting life, providing valuable insights into the diversity of exoplanetary environments.
Correct Answer: ARIEL (Atmospheric Remote-sensing Infrared Exoplanet Large-survey)
Explanation: ARIEL, launched by ESA in 2013, is a mission designed to characterize the atmospheres of exoplanets and study their physical properties, aiming to understand the diversity of exoplanetary atmospheres and the processes shaping them.
Correct Answer: LUVOIR (Large UV/Optical/IR Surveyor)
Explanation: LUVOIR, the Large UV/Optical/IR Surveyor, is a proposed space telescope by NASA designed to directly image exoplanets and study their atmospheres for signs of habitability and life, offering unprecedented capabilities for exoplanet research.
Correct Answer: PLATO (PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars)
Explanation: PLATO, the PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars mission, is a proposed ESA mission aimed at detecting and characterizing Earth-like exoplanets around nearby stars, focusing on the discovery of potentially habitable worlds and the study of planetary systems.
Correct Answer: HabEx (Habitable Exoplanet Observatory)
Explanation: HabEx, the Habitable Exoplanet Observatory, is a proposed NASA mission to study the habitability of exoplanets by searching for signs of life through the detection of biosignatures in their atmospheres, aiming to answer fundamental questions about the potential prevalence of life beyond Earth.
Correct Answer: OST (Origins Space Telescope)
Explanation: OST, the Origins Space Telescope, is a proposed NASA mission designed to study the composition, structure, and dynamics of exoplanets using high-contrast imaging techniques, providing insights into the origins and evolution of planetary systems.
Correct Answer: 51 Pegasi b
Explanation: 51 Pegasi b was the first exoplanet discovered around a main-sequence star similar to the Sun in 1995, marking a significant milestone in the search for exoplanets and the understanding of planetary systems beyond our own.
Correct Answer: Seismology
Explanation: Seismology is not a method used to characterize exoplanets. Instead, direct imaging, the transit method, and the radial velocity method are commonly used techniques to study exoplanets and their properties.
Correct Answer: LUVOIR (Large UV/Optical/IR Surveyor)
Explanation: LUVOIR, the Large UV/Optical/IR Surveyor, is a proposed mission aimed at studying the atmospheres of exoplanets and their potential for hosting life by observing planetary transits in ultraviolet, optical, and near-infrared wavelengths. It aims to provide detailed insights into the composition, structure, and habitability of exoplanetary atmospheres.
Correct Answer: Jason
Explanation: The Jason satellite mission, launched by NASA in 1999, provides crucial data on Earth’s climate by measuring the Earth’s topography with high precision, particularly focusing on monitoring changes in sea level and ocean circulation patterns.
Correct Answer: Sentinel
Explanation: The Sentinel satellite constellation, launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) and the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), provides continuous monitoring of the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and land surfaces, playing a crucial role in environmental monitoring and climate research.
Correct Answer: Terra
Explanation: The Terra satellite mission, launched by NASA in 1999, observes the Earth’s land surface, atmosphere, biosphere, and oceans to understand their interactions and influence on climate and natural disasters, providing valuable data for climate research and environmental monitoring.
Correct Answer: Aqua
Explanation: The Aqua satellite mission, launched by NASA in 2002, focuses on studying the Earth’s water cycle, including precipitation, evaporation, and the movement of water vapor in the atmosphere, contributing to our understanding of global water distribution and climate dynamics.
Correct Answer: GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment)
Explanation: The GRACE satellite mission, launched by NASA and the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in 2002, measures variations in Earth’s gravitational field to monitor changes in water distribution, ice mass, and ocean currents, providing crucial data for understanding climate change and its impacts.
Correct Answer: OCO-2 (Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2)
Explanation: The OCO-2 satellite mission, launched by NASA in 2014, studies the Earth’s carbon cycle by measuring carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere with high accuracy, helping scientists better understand the processes driving changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.
Correct Answer: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)
Explanation: The GOES satellite mission, launched by NASA and NOAA, provides real-time data on weather conditions, atmospheric composition, and climate patterns, playing a crucial role in weather forecasting, storm tracking, and environmental monitoring.
Correct Answer: JPSS (Joint Polar Satellite System)
Explanation: The JPSS satellite constellation, launched by NASA and NOAA, is dedicated to monitoring the Earth’s weather and climate by observing clouds, precipitation, and atmospheric conditions from polar orbits, providing essential data for weather forecasting and climate research.
Correct Answer: Landsat
Explanation: The Landsat satellite mission, launched by NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), provides global coverage of the Earth’s land surface with high-resolution imagery, supporting applications in agriculture, forestry, land management, and environmental monitoring.
Correct Answer: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites)
Explanation: The GOES satellite constellation, operated by NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), provides crucial data for monitoring and tracking hurricanes, typhoons, and other tropical cyclones in real-time, aiding in forecasting and disaster preparedness efforts.
Correct Answer: Landsat
Explanation: The Landsat satellite mission, operated by NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), provides high-resolution imagery for assessing the extent and impact of forest fires and wildfires, enabling authorities to monitor fire behavior, plan firefighting efforts, and assess post-fire damage.
Correct Answer: Sentinel
Explanation: The Sentinel satellite constellation, launched by ESA (European Space Agency) as part of the Copernicus program, provides data for monitoring and detecting changes in Earth’s vegetation cover, including indicators of drought and wildfire risk, supporting efforts in wildfire prevention and management.
Correct Answer: Jason
Explanation: The Jason satellite mission, launched by NASA, measures changes in global sea levels, including storm surges caused by hurricanes and tropical cyclones, providing crucial data for understanding and forecasting the impacts of extreme weather events on coastal areas.
Correct Answer: Landsat
Explanation: The Landsat satellite constellation, operated by NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), provides thermal infrared imagery for monitoring active fires and assessing their intensity and spread, assisting firefighting efforts and post-fire recovery planning.
Correct Answer: SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive)
Explanation: The SMAP satellite mission, launched by NASA in 2011, measures soil moisture content to assess drought conditions and wildfire risk, providing valuable data for agricultural planning, water resource management, and wildfire prevention efforts.
Correct Answer: Landsat
Explanation: The Landsat satellite mission, launched by NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), provides data for monitoring changes in vegetation health and detecting potential indicators of wildfires, contributing to early detection and response efforts.
Correct Answer: Sentinel
Explanation: The Sentinel satellite constellation, operated by ESA (European Space Agency), provides radar imagery for monitoring land surface changes and detecting forest fires even through smoke and cloud cover, enhancing the capabilities for wildfire detection and monitoring.
Correct Answer: Solar Orbiter
Explanation: Solar Orbiter is a collaborative project between NASA and ESA (European Space Agency) designed to study the Sun’s outer atmosphere and its impact on the solar system, providing valuable insights into solar activity and space weather.
Correct Answer: GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement)
Explanation: The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is a joint effort between NASA and JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) aimed at studying precipitation patterns and extreme weather events across the globe, providing valuable data for weather forecasting and disaster management.
Correct Answer: ISS (International Space Station)
Explanation: The International Space Station (ISS) is a collaborative project involving multiple space agencies including NASA, ESA (European Space Agency), Roscosmos (Russian Federal Space Agency), and others, aimed at building and operating a space station for international scientific research and collaboration in low Earth orbit.
Correct Answer: Cassini-Huygens
Explanation: The Cassini-Huygens mission is a joint effort between NASA and ESA (European Space Agency) aimed at studying the composition, structure, and dynamics of Saturn and its moons. The Cassini orbiter studied Saturn, while the Huygens probe provided data on Saturn’s largest moon, Titan.
Correct Answer: Copernicus
Explanation: Copernicus is an international collaboration involving space agencies from multiple countries, including ESA (European Space Agency) and the European Commission, aimed at developing and operating a network of satellites for monitoring and studying the Earth’s climate system, land, oceans, and atmosphere.
Correct Answer: ExoMars
Explanation: ExoMars is a joint mission between NASA and ESA (European Space Agency) aimed at studying the Martian atmosphere, climate, and surface, as well as searching for signs of past or present life on Mars through the use of rovers and scientific instruments.
Correct Answer: Cluster
Explanation: Cluster is a collaborative project involving NASA, ESA (European Space Agency), and CSA (Canadian Space Agency) aimed at studying the Earth’s magnetosphere and the interactions between the solar wind and Earth’s magnetic field using a constellation of four identical spacecraft.
Correct Answer: JUICE (JUpiter ICy moons Explorer)
Explanation: JUICE (JUpiter ICy moons Explorer) is a joint mission between NASA and ESA (European Space Agency) aimed at studying the icy moons of Jupiter, particularly Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, to assess their potential habitability and understand their geology and subsurface oceans.
Correct Answer: Copernicus
Explanation: Copernicus is an international collaboration involving space agencies from multiple countries, including ESA (European Space Agency) and the European Commission, aimed at studying the Earth’s climate system and the impacts of human
Correct Answer: SpaceX
Explanation: SpaceX collaborated with NASA to develop the Crew Dragon spacecraft, which is designed to transport astronauts to and from the International Space Station (ISS) as part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program.
Correct Answer: Blue Origin
Explanation: Blue Origin signed a partnership with NASA to develop the Artemis Human Landing System (HLS), which aims to return astronauts to the Moon as part of NASA’s Artemis program.
Correct Answer: SpaceX
Explanation: SpaceX is known for its development of the Falcon rockets and Dragon spacecraft, which are used for cargo resupply missions to the International Space Station (ISS) under NASA’s Commercial Resupply Services program.
Correct Answer: Blue Origin
Explanation: Blue Origin, founded by Jeff Bezos, is developing the New Shepard suborbital rocket for commercial space tourism, aiming to offer brief trips to the edge of space for paying customers.
Correct Answer: SpaceX
Explanation: SpaceX, in partnership with NASA, is developing the Starship spacecraft for crewed missions to Mars and other destinations in the solar system, with the goal of establishing human presence beyond Earth.
Correct Answer: Virgin Galactic
Explanation: Virgin Galactic, founded by Richard Branson, is developing the VSS Unity spacecraft for suborbital space tourism flights, offering customers the opportunity to experience brief periods of weightlessness in space.
Correct Answer: Boeing
Explanation: Boeing, in partnership with NASA, is developing the CST-100 Starliner spacecraft for crewed missions to the International Space Station (ISS) as part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program.
Correct Answer: SpaceX
Explanation: SpaceX, founded by Elon Musk, is known for its development of the reusable Falcon rockets and Dragon spacecraft, which have been used for various space missions, including cargo resupply missions to the International Space Station (ISS).
Correct Answer: SpaceX
Explanation: SpaceX collaborated with NASA to develop the Lunar Starship for future crewed lunar missions under the Artemis program, which aims to return astronauts to the Moon and establish sustainable lunar exploration capabilities.
Correct Answer: NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
Explanation: NASA conducts the “NASA Astronaut Candidate Program” to select and train candidates for space missions, including missions to the International Space Station (ISS) and future deep space exploration missions.
Correct Answer: ESA (European Space Agency)
Explanation: ESA (European Space Agency) selects and trains astronauts through the “European Astronaut Corps” program for missions to the International Space Station (ISS) and other space missions, in collaboration with international partners.
Correct Answer: Roscosmos (Russian Federal Space Agency)
Explanation: Roscosmos (Russian Federal Space Agency) conducts the “Roscosmos Cosmonaut Training Program” to prepare cosmonauts for missions to the International Space Station (ISS) and other space exploration missions, including crewed launches aboard Soyuz spacecraft.
Correct Answer: CNSA (China National Space Administration)
Explanation: CNSA (China National Space Administration) selects and trains taikonauts (Chinese astronauts) for crewed space missions through its astronaut training program, preparing them for missions aboard Chinese spacecraft such as Shenzhou and the future Chinese space station.
Correct Answer: JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency)
Explanation: JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) conducts the “JAXA Astronaut Candidate Program” to select and train astronauts for space missions, including missions to the International Space Station (ISS) and participation in international collaborations.
Correct Answer: CSA (Canadian Space Agency)
Explanation: CSA (Canadian Space Agency) conducts the “CSA Astronaut Selection and Training Program” to select and train astronauts for space missions, including participation in international collaborations such as the International Space Station (ISS) and future deep space exploration missions.
Correct Answer: ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation)
Explanation: ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) selects and trains astronauts through the “ISRO Astronaut Program” for crewed space missions, including participation in India’s Gaganyaan program aimed at sending Indian astronauts to space.
Correct Answer: Yuri Gagarin
Explanation: Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet cosmonaut, became the first human to travel into space on April 12, 1961, aboard the Vostok 1 spacecraft.
Correct Answer: Sally Ride
Explanation: Sally Ride became the first American woman to fly in space on June 18, 1983, aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger as a mission specialist.
Correct Answer: Neil Armstrong
Explanation: Neil Armstrong, an American astronaut, became the first person to walk on the Moon on July 20, 1969, during the Apollo 11 mission.
Correct Answer: Svetlana Savitskaya
Explanation: Svetlana Savitskaya, a Soviet cosmonaut, became the first woman to conduct a spacewalk on July 25, 1984, during the Soyuz T-12 mission to the Salyut 7 space station.
Correct Answer: John Glenn
Explanation: John Glenn became the first astronaut to fly in space after the Challenger disaster, returning to space aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery in October 1998 at the age of 77.
Correct Answer: John Glenn
Explanation: John Glenn, an American astronaut, became the first American to orbit the Earth on February 20, 1962, aboard the Friendship 7 spacecraft during the Mercury-Atlas 6 mission.
Correct Answer: Eileen Collins
Explanation: Eileen Collins became the first woman to command a space shuttle mission, serving as commander of the Space Shuttle Columbia during the STS-93 mission in July 1999.
Correct Answer: Marc Garneau
Explanation: Marc Garneau became the first Canadian astronaut to walk in space during Space Shuttle Challenger mission STS-41-G in October 1984.
Correct Answer: Alexei Leonov
Explanation: Alexei Leonov, a Soviet cosmonaut, became the first person to conduct a spacewalk on March 18, 1965, during the Voskhod 2 mission.
Correct Answer: Student Launch Initiative
Explanation: The Student Launch Initiative (SLI) is a NASA educational program that provides opportunities for students to engage in real-world engineering challenges related to space exploration, including designing, building, and launching high-powered rockets.
Correct Answer: ESA Academy
Explanation: The ESA Academy is an educational initiative by the European Space Agency (ESA) that aims to inspire and engage young people in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) through space-related activities, workshops, and projects.
Correct Answer: NASA HUNCH (High School Students United with NASA to Create Hardware)
Explanation: NASA HUNCH (High School Students United with NASA to Create Hardware) is a NASA educational program that offers high school students the opportunity to work alongside engineers and scientists to design, fabricate, and test real hardware for NASA missions, fostering hands-on STEM learning experiences.
Correct Answer: Roscosmos Youth Space Centre
Explanation: The Roscosmos Youth Space Centre is an educational program by Roscosmos that provides opportunities for students to participate in simulated space missions, hands-on workshops, and educational activities to learn about space exploration and technology.
Correct Answer: JAXA Space Education Center
Explanation: The JAXA Space Education Center is an educational initiative by JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) that offers programs and resources for students and educators to learn about space science and technology, including workshops, competitions, and educational materials.
Correct Answer: CNSA Youth Space Academy
Explanation: The CNSA Youth Space Academy is an educational program by CNSA (China National Space Administration) that engages students in China in space-related activities, including lectures, workshops, and competitions, to inspire interest in space exploration and STEM fields.
Correct Answer: Young Graduate Trainee Program
Explanation: The Young Graduate Trainee (YGT) Program is an educational initiative by ESA (European Space Agency) that offers university students and recent graduates the opportunity to gain practical experience in space-related research, technology development, and operations through internships at ESA establishments.
Correct Answer: High School Aerospace Scholars
Explanation: The High School Aerospace Scholars (HAS) program is a NASA educational initiative that provides Texas high school students the opportunity to interact with engineers and scientists at NASA’s Johnson Space Center, engage in hands-on STEM activities, and learn about human space exploration.
Correct Answer: NASA
Explanation: NASA is responsible for the Artemis program, which aims to return humans to the Moon, including the first woman and the next man by the mid-2020s.
Correct Answer: CNSA
Explanation: The Chang’e lunar exploration program is conducted by the China National Space Administration (CNSA), focusing on lunar exploration missions, including orbiters, landers, and rovers.
Correct Answer: NASA
Explanation: NASA, in collaboration with other international partners including Roscosmos, ESA, JAXA, and CSA, operates the International Space Station (ISS) for scientific research and international cooperation in space.