Correct Answer: N 21°18′ W
Explanation: Converting the whole circle bearing 338°42″ into the quadrantal form results in the notation N 21°18′ W, representing the specific direction and alignment for accurate surveying measurements and calculations.
Correct Answer: 325°.
Explanation: The conversion of the quadrantal bearing N 35° W into the whole circle bearing results in the direction 325°, providing accurate directional information for precise surveying operations and calculations.
Correct Answer: the whole circle bearing of a line & quadrantal bearing
Explanation: The prismatic compass and the surveyor’s compass are specifically designed to provide accurate directional measurements, including the whole circle bearing and the quadrantal bearing of a line during surveying operations.
Correct Answer: 180°
Explanation: In normal conditions, the difference of the fore and back bearings should ideally be 180°, aiding in accurate directional measurements and alignments during surveying operations.
Correct Answer: 74°
Explanation: The calculation of the included angle BAC based on the whole circle bearings of lines AB and AC results in an included angle of 74°, providing accurate directional information for precise surveying measurements and calculations.
Correct Answer: current-carrying base wire
Explanation: Local attraction at a place in compass surveying can be attributed to various factors, one of which includes the presence of current-carrying base wires that can influence the accuracy of directional measurements and alignments during surveying operations.
Correct Answer: is constant for all bearings
Explanation: The correction due to local attraction at a place is typically consistent and constant for all bearings, aiding in the accurate adjustment of directional measurements and alignments during surveying operations.
Correct Answer: no counterweight provision to counteract dip
Explanation: An instrumental error in compass surveying can arise due to the absence of a counterweight provision to counteract the dip, leading to inaccuracies in directional measurements and alignments during surveying operations.
Correct Answer: 110°
Explanation: By considering the bearings of AB and BC, the angle < ABC can be calculated to be 110°, aiding in the accurate determination of the angle for precise surveying calculations and measurements.
Correct Answer: azimuth
Explanation: The smaller angle that a survey line makes with the true meridian is referred to as the azimuth, providing essential directional information for accurate surveying measurements and calculations.
Correct Answer: vary due to diurnal motion
Explanation: The azimuth and altitude of a star can vary due to diurnal motion, necessitating careful considerations and adjustments during surveying operations to ensure accurate and reliable measurements and alignments.
Correct Answer: the bearing is completely specified by an angle
Explanation: The whole circle bearing (W.C.B) of a line is preferred over a quadrantal bearing because the former fully specifies the bearing using an angle, ensuring precise directional measurements and alignments during surveying operations.
Correct Answer: the forebearing and back bearing of line AB differ by 180°
Explanation: In the case of a line AB, the forebearing and back bearing of the line typically differ by 180°, enabling accurate directional measurements and alignments during surveying operations.
Correct Answer: the presence of magnetic materials
Explanation: Local attraction in compass surveying can be attributed to various factors, including the presence of magnetic materials that can interfere with the accuracy of directional measurements and alignments during surveying operations.
Correct Answer: dip
Explanation: The inclination of the needle to the horizontal towards the pole is known as the dip, an essential concept in compass surveying that influences the accuracy and reliability of directional measurements and alignments.
Correct Answer: varies from place to place & is zero at the equator and maximum at the poles
Explanation: The dip of the needle can vary from one location to another, with its value being zero at the equator and reaching its maximum at the poles, affecting the accuracy and precision of directional measurements and alignments during surveying operations.
Correct Answer: N, S45°E, W90°
Explanation: The quadrantal bearings (Q.B) of the lines corresponding to the given whole circle bearings (W.C.B) are N, S45°E, and W90°, highlighting the specific directional information required for accurate surveying measurements and calculations.
Correct Answer: compass survey
Explanation: The effect of local attraction is commonly observed in compass surveying, where the presence of external magnetic influences can lead to inaccuracies in directional measurements and alignments during surveying operations.
Correct Answer: magnetic declination or declination
Explanation: The angle formed between the true meridian and the magnetic meridian is known as the magnetic declination or simply the declination, an important concept in compass surveying that influences the accuracy and reliability of directional measurements and alignments.
Correct Answer: varies from place to place
Explanation: Magnetic declination can vary from one location to another, indicating changes in the angle between the true meridian and the magnetic meridian, an essential consideration in compass surveying for ensuring accurate and reliable directional measurements and alignments.
Correct Answer: magnetic compass
Explanation: The magnetic north is indicated by a magnetic compass, which aligns itself with the Earth’s magnetic field, helping in determining directions.
Correct Answer: 20°W
Explanation: The magnetic declination is the angular difference between the magnetic bearing and the true bearing. In this case, 65° – 45° = 20°W (West) indicates a magnetic declination of 20°W.
Correct Answer: western side of the true meridian
Explanation: A negative declination indicates that the magnetic meridian lies to the west of the true meridian. Magnetic declination can be either positive (east) or negative (west) depending on the relationship between the two meridians.
Correct Answer: 30°E
Explanation: In the southern hemisphere, the magnetic bearing of the sun at noon indicates a magnetic declination of 30°E (East) because the sun is to the north of the true north direction.
Correct Answer: lines passing through the points having the same declination at a given point
Explanation: Isogonic lines are lines on the Earth’s surface that connect points with the same magnetic declination, indicating regions with consistent magnetic declination values.
Correct Answer: secular variation
Explanation: The main important variation in declination is the secular variation, which refers to long-term changes in magnetic declination that occur over many years.
Correct Answer: the magnitude of variation is of a high order, and the needle after coming to a standstill may move in the opposite direction
Explanation: Secular variation is significant because it involves relatively large and long-term changes in magnetic declination, and the compass needle may reverse its direction due to these variations.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: Diurnal variation depends on the locality, time of day, and even seasonal factors, making it a complex variation in magnetic declination.
Correct Answer: true bearing = magnetic bearing + magnetic declination
Explanation: To calculate the true bearing when the declination is to the east, you add the magnetic declination to the magnetic bearing.
Correct Answer: S53°0’E
Explanation: The true bearing is calculated by adding the magnetic declination to the compass bearing, resulting in S53°0’E in this case.
Correct Answer: 110°
Explanation: The included angle ABC can be found by subtracting the bearing of AB from the bearing of BC (270° – 200° = 70°). However, this is just the angular difference, so the included angle is 180° – 70° = 110°.
Correct Answer: S 46°0’E
Explanation: The true bearing is calculated by adding the magnetic declination to the reduced bearing, resulting in S46°0’E in this case.
Correct Answer: reconnaissance
Explanation: The initial and foremost work during traversing with a compass is reconnaissance, which involves evaluating the survey area, selecting station locations, and planning the survey operations.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: A traverse survey can be plotted using various methods, including rectangular coordinates, plotting by tangents, paper protractor, included angles, parallel meridian method, and plotting by chords, depending on the specific requirements of the survey.
Correct Answer: instrumental error
Explanation: When the needle of a compass is sluggish (slow to respond or sticky), it indicates an instrumental error, often associated with the compass itself.
Correct Answer: sluggish needle
Explanation: A sluggish needle in a compass is typically categorized as an instrumental error rather than a natural error. Natural errors include variation in magnetic declination, local attraction, and irregular variation.
Correct Answer: the fore and back bearings of the line should differ by exactly 180°
Explanation: To ensure that a station is free from local attraction, the fore and back bearings of the line should differ by exactly 180°. This ensures that the effects of local attraction are accounted for and canceled out during the surveying process.
Correct Answer: 10°E
Explanation: The declination can be calculated by finding the difference between the magnetic and true bearings, resulting in a declination of 10°E in this case.
Correct Answer: any of the above
Explanation: If both stations A and B are equally affected by local attraction in different directions, the difference between the forebearing and back bearing of line AB could be 180°, 200°, or 220°, depending on the specific circumstances.
Correct Answer: the line joining them is near the objects to be located
Explanation: When setting up survey stations during traversing with a compass, it is essential that the stations are positioned such that the line joining them is near the objects to be located. This ensures that the survey is conducted accurately and efficiently, with the key features adequately covered.
Correct Answer: 15′
Explanation: A maximum permissible difference of 15 minutes (15′) is allowed between the fore bearing and back bearing of a line. This tolerance helps ensure the accuracy of the survey measurements while accounting for minor human errors.
Correct Answer: plane of sight not being vertical
Explanation: The plane of sight not being vertical is not typically considered a personal error in surveying. Instead, it often falls under instrumental error or other factors related to the equipment used in the surveying process.
Correct Answer: when it stops, it will be exactly on the magnetic meridian
Explanation: When the needle of a compass is truly magnetic and not sluggish, it will come to rest in alignment with the magnetic meridian, indicating the direction of magnetic north at that location.
Correct Answer: the eye vane, object vane, and string will be parallel and in the same line
Explanation: If the sights of a surveying instrument are vertical, it ensures that the eye vane, object vane, and string are parallel and lie along the same line, which is crucial for accurate measurements during the surveying process.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: Adjusting the needle in a compass involves ensuring its sensitivity, balancing it properly, and straightening it both vertically and horizontally, allowing for accurate readings and minimizing errors during surveying.
Correct Answer: both (b) and (c) above
Explanation: A diagonal eyepiece in surveying instruments is typically equipped with a reflecting prism or a mirror fitted at 45° with the axis of the telescope, enabling comfortable viewing angles and convenient measurements.
Correct Answer: 15√N
Explanation: The acceptable angular error of closure or summation error should not exceed 15 times the square root of the number of stations (N) or sides in the survey. This criterion helps maintain the overall accuracy of the survey measurements.
Correct Answer: both (a) and (b) of the above
Explanation: A level line is both parallel to the mean spherical surface of the earth and normal to the plumb line at all points, ensuring that it aligns with the Earth’s gravitational field and the overall curvature of the planet.
Correct Answer: geoid surface
Explanation: The surface of zero elevation around the Earth, which accounts for the irregularities and curvature of the planet, is known as the geoid surface, serving as a reference for measurements and calculations related to elevation and gravity.
Correct Answer: vertical line
Explanation: The line normal to the plumb line, indicating the direction of gravity, is referred to as the vertical line. It is perpendicular to the horizontal plane and assists in defining the orientation and alignment of structures and features.
Correct Answer: surface of a still lake
Explanation: A still lake provides an example of a level surface, as its surface remains relatively unaffected by external forces and disturbances, maintaining a consistent horizontal plane within the boundaries of the lake.
Correct Answer: station
Explanation: In the context of surveying, the place where the reading is taken is known as the station. It serves as a specific location from which observations and measurements are made to gather data for mapping and other purposes.
Correct Answer: none of the above
Explanation: Leveling primarily involves measuring the height differences and variations between different points on the Earth’s surface, allowing for the determination of relative elevations and the creation of accurate topographic maps and profiles.
Correct Answer: in the optical center of the eyepiece
Explanation: Crosshairs in a surveying telescope are typically fitted in the optical center of the eyepiece, providing a reference for aligning and measuring various points and features within the surveying field of view.
Correct Answer: datum line
Explanation: A datum line serves as an arbitrarily assumed level line that acts as a reference for measuring vertical distances and elevations during the surveying process, ensuring standardized calculations and consistent measurements.
Correct Answer: both (a) and (b) of the above
Explanation: The primary differences between a level line and a horizontal line include the fact that a level line is normal to the plumb line and can be curved, whereas a horizontal line may not necessarily be normal to the plumb line and is always straight.
Correct Answer: point of known elevation
Explanation: A benchmark (BM) serves as a point of known elevation in the surveying process, providing a reference for determining and calculating the elevations of other points and features within the survey area.
Correct Answer: back sight
Explanation: A staff reading taken on a benchmark, known elevation, or change point during the surveying process is known as a back sight. This reading serves as a reference for calculating the relative elevations of other points within the survey area.
Correct Answer: change point
Explanation: In the context of leveling, the station where both the back sight and foresight readings are taken is known as the change point, indicating the location where the elevation differences are measured and recorded.
Correct Answer: benchmark
Explanation: A benchmark is a relatively fixed point with a known elevation above the datum, serving as a reference for calculating the elevations of other points and features within the survey area.
Correct Answer: differential leveling
Explanation: Differential leveling is an essential operation in surveying that involves determining the relative elevations of different points on the Earth’s surface. It helps in creating accurate elevation profiles and contour maps for various applications and projects.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: A dumpy level employs a combination of lenses to achieve multiple objectives, including providing a clear and distinct image, shortening the image for ease of use, and allowing for accurate readings even in low-light conditions.
Correct Answer: in the plane of cross hairs
Explanation: In a dumpy level, the image of the objectives should ideally lie in the plane of cross hairs, ensuring that the cross hairs align accurately with the target, thereby enabling precise measurement and leveling.
Correct Answer: aplanation
Explanation: Aplanation refers to the absence of spherical aberration in an optical instrument, ensuring that all parts of an object at various distances from the lens are brought into focus on the same image plane.
Correct Answer: achromation
Explanation: Achromation refers to the correction of chromatic aberration in optical systems, ensuring that various wavelengths of light are brought to the same focal point, resulting in clearer and more accurate imaging.
Correct Answer: the ratio of (b) and (a) above
Explanation: The magnification of a telescope depends on the ratio of the focal length of the objective lens to that of the eyepiece, determining the level of magnification achieved by the optical instrument.
Correct Answer: double concave lens
Explanation: In an internal focusing type of telescope, a double concave lens is used as the negative lens to facilitate the adjustment of focus within the optical system.
Correct Answer: concave lens
Explanation: The movement of the concave lens within the internal focusing type of telescope enables the adjustment of focus, allowing the user to achieve a clear image of the target or object being observed or measured.
Correct Answer: increasing the diameter of the tube
Explanation: The sensitivity of the bubble tube in a leveling instrument can be enhanced by increasing the diameter of the tube, allowing for more precise and accurate measurements of the instrument’s horizontal orientation.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: The level tube, which is an essential component of a leveling instrument, can be filled with various fluids such as ether, chloroform, or synthetic alcohol to aid in establishing a horizontal line of sight for accurate measurements and leveling operations.
Correct Answer: a relatively large radius
Explanation: The constant size of the bubble in a level tube is maintained by ensuring that the upper wall of the tube has a relatively large radius, preventing any distortion or change in the bubble’s dimensions during the leveling process.
Correct Answer: decreases
Explanation: The sensitivity of a bubble tube is affected by changes in temperature, with an increase in temperature leading to a decrease in sensitivity, potentially impacting the precision and accuracy of the leveling instrument’s readings.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: The sensitivity of a level tube can be expressed through various parameters, including the length of the tube, the radius of the tube, and the length of the bubble within the tube, collectively influencing the precision and performance of the leveling instrument.
Correct Answer: the number of observations to be taken is large from one level position
Explanation: The dumpy level is employed in surveying projects that require a significant number of observations to be taken from a single level position, facilitating efficient and accurate measurements over a large area or site.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: Automatic levels offer several advantages, including high precision, reduced susceptibility to external influences, and improved comfort during use, making them versatile tools suitable for various surveying applications and projects.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: The height of instrument method in surveying is known for being less tedious, more rapid in execution, and involving fewer calculations compared to other leveling techniques, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency and productivity of the surveying process.
Correct Answer: quicker and less tedious
Explanation: The height of instrument method of leveling is recognized for its speed and simplicity, offering a quick and less tedious approach to establishing elevations compared to the more comprehensive and time-consuming rise and fall method.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: The rise and fall method of leveling serves as a comprehensive check on all the readings taken during the survey, including the back sight, fore sight, and any intermediate sights, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the surveying data and results.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: The rise and fall method of leveling offers several advantages, including providing a check on the intermediate readings, being well-suited for differential and check leveling tasks, and being applicable for important and critical surveying projects.
Correct Answer: 3.827m
Explanation: To obtain the correct reading on the level staff, the observed reading must be adjusted by accounting for any deviation from the vertical position. In this case, the corrected reading would be 3.83m – 0.15m = 3.827m, ensuring the accuracy of the measured elevation.
Correct Answer: 3.395m
Explanation: The observed reading on the leveling staff needs to be adjusted to account for any displacement or offset from the original ground level. By subtracting the given offset of 0.150m from the observed reading of 3.545m, the corrected value is 3.395m.
Correct Answer: 3.65m
Explanation: To obtain the correct reading, the offset of 0.125m from the original ground level needs to be added to the observed reading of 3.525m, resulting in a corrected value of 3.65m.
Correct Answer: vertical axis truly vertical
Explanation: During the leveling of the instrument, the vertical axis is aligned to be truly vertical, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the leveling process.
Correct Answer: staff man
Explanation: In the case of taking leveling staff readings, it is the responsibility of the staff man to hold the staff and ensure that accurate measurements are obtained by the instrument man.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: Instrumental error in leveling can arise from various factors, including imperfect adjustments, sluggish bubbles, and any unintended movement of the objective slide, all of which contribute to measurement inaccuracies.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: Natural error in leveling can occur due to factors such as wind vibration, atmospheric refraction, and temperature fluctuations, which can impact the precision and reliability of the leveling measurements.
Correct Answer: establish a fixed relationship between its fundamental axes
Explanation: The process of permanent adjustment involves establishing and maintaining a consistent and fixed relationship between the fundamental axes of the leveling instrument, ensuring accurate and reliable measurements over time.
Correct Answer: bubble axis
Explanation: For accurate leveling measurements, the line of collimation should be parallel to the bubble axis, ensuring that the leveling instrument is correctly aligned and the measurements are precise.
Correct Answer: axis of the telescope
Explanation: In specific types of leveling instruments such as Y levels, Cooke’s levels, and Cushing levels, the line of collimation needs to align with the axis of the telescope to ensure accurate and reliable measurements.
Correct Answer: perpendicular to the vertical axis
Explanation: In a dumpy level that is perfectly adjusted, the horizontal crosshair should lie in a plane perpendicular to the vertical axis, ensuring that the line of sight remains accurate and horizontal.
Correct Answer: line of collimation and the axis of the bubble tube
Explanation: The two-peg method is specifically employed to verify and ensure the parallelism between the line of collimation and the axis of the bubble tube in the leveling instrument, guaranteeing accurate and reliable leveling measurements.
Correct Answer: reciprocal leveling
Explanation: Reciprocal leveling is utilized in situations where it is not feasible to set up the level midway between two points. It enables the measurement of the elevation difference between these points, ensuring accurate leveling data.
Correct Answer: fly leveling
Explanation: Fly leveling is commonly employed for carrying out the reconnaissance of an area, providing rapid and efficient measurements of the terrain’s elevation, essential for various surveying and construction projects.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: The accuracy demanded in precise leveling typically falls within the range indicated, with the value depending on the total distance of the level line in kilometers (K), ensuring precise and reliable elevation measurements.
Correct Answer: formation level
Explanation: The formation level represents the level to which the earthwork is to be carried out during construction, serving as a critical reference point for the completion of the project’s structural elements and surfaces.
Correct Answer: depth of cutting
Explanation: When the formation level is lower than the ground level, the disparity between the two at any specific point provides the depth of cutting necessary to achieve the desired formation level, aiding in the planning and execution of the construction project.
Correct Answer: both (a) and (b) of the above
Explanation: Reciprocal leveling helps eliminate both the error due to curvature and the collimation error, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the leveling measurements conducted between various points on the Earth’s surface.
Correct Answer: lower than they really are
Explanation: The curvature of the Earth affects the perception of objects, making them appear lower than their actual height, a critical consideration in surveying and leveling to ensure accurate measurements and calculations.
Correct Answer: 0.0112 d^2m
Explanation: The correction for refraction is computed using the formula 0.0112 d^2m, where d represents the distance between the points. This correction factor accounts for the optical refraction that can affect leveling measurements.
Correct Answer: 0.0673m
Explanation: When the distance between two points A and B is 1km, the combined correction for curvature and refraction is 0.0673m, compensating for the effects of the Earth’s curvature and optical refraction on the leveling measurements.
FAQs on Surveying MCQs for Civil Engineers
▸ What is the importance of surveying in civil engineering?
Surveying is crucial in civil engineering as it provides accurate measurements of land and existing structures. This information is essential for planning, designing, and constructing projects. It ensures that the designs align with the real-world conditions and helps in avoiding errors during construction.
▸ What are the common types of surveying used in civil engineering?
Common types of surveying used in civil engineering include land surveying, construction surveying, topographic surveying, and geodetic surveying. Each type serves a specific purpose, from mapping and planning to monitoring construction progress and ensuring structural integrity.
▸ How does surveying contribute to accurate construction projects?
Surveying contributes to accurate construction projects by providing precise measurements and data about the land and existing structures. This helps engineers and architects in creating accurate designs, ensuring proper alignment, and verifying that construction activities follow the planned specifications. Reliable surveying minimizes errors and enhances the quality of the final construction.
▸ What tools are commonly used in surveying for civil engineering?
Common tools used in surveying include total stations, theodolites, GPS systems, and laser scanners. These instruments help in measuring distances, angles, and elevations accurately. Advanced technology such as UAVs (drones) and LiDAR systems are also increasingly used for more detailed and efficient data collection.
▸ What is the role of GPS in modern surveying techniques?
GPS plays a significant role in modern surveying techniques by providing accurate geospatial data. It helps in determining precise locations, mapping large areas, and improving the efficiency of data collection. GPS technology enhances the accuracy of surveys and supports various applications in civil engineering projects.
▸ How does topographic surveying support civil engineering projects?
Topographic surveying supports civil engineering projects by mapping the contours and features of the land. This information is essential for designing infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and buildings. It helps engineers understand the natural landscape, plan drainage systems, and address potential challenges related to landforms and elevations.
▸ What is the difference between land surveying and construction surveying?
Land surveying involves measuring and mapping land and property boundaries for legal and planning purposes. Construction surveying, on the other hand, focuses on the layout and positioning of structures during the construction process. While both types of surveying are essential, land surveying is more concerned with property lines and site preparation, while construction surveying ensures that building elements are correctly placed according to design specifications.
▸ How can civil engineers benefit from using advanced surveying technologies?
Civil engineers benefit from using advanced surveying technologies such as UAVs, LiDAR, and 3D scanning by obtaining highly accurate and detailed data quickly. These technologies improve the precision of surveys, reduce fieldwork time, and provide comprehensive insights for better decision-making and project management. They enhance the ability to analyze and visualize site conditions effectively.
▸ Where can I find practice questions for surveying in civil engineering?
You can find practice questions for surveying in civil engineering on educational websites like https://gkaim.com. These resources offer various quizzes and MCQs to help you test your knowledge and prepare for exams related to surveying and civil engineering.
▸ What is the significance of surveying in the planning stage of civil engineering projects?
Surveying is significant in the planning stage of civil engineering projects as it provides the necessary data about the site’s topography, boundaries, and existing conditions. This information helps in creating accurate project designs, planning construction methods, and identifying potential challenges. Accurate surveying ensures that the project aligns with the real-world conditions and complies with regulatory requirements.