Correct Answer: S/D radians
Explanation: The sensitivity of the bubble tube, denoting the angular value of one division of the bubble, is expressed as S/D radians, where S represents the sensitivity of the bubble tube and D signifies the angular value of one division of the bubble.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: Personal error in leveling can stem from various factors, including careless leveling of the instrument, the bubble not being centered, and the staff not being held vertically, all of which contribute to inaccuracies in the leveling measurements.
Correct Answer: reciprocal leveling
Explanation: Leveling across a river is typically accomplished using the reciprocal leveling method, which enables the measurement of the elevation differences between points on either side of the river, ensuring accurate and precise leveling data.
Correct Answer: (1-2m) d^2 / 2R
Explanation: In trigonometrical leveling, the combined correction is computed using the formula (1-2m) d^2 / 2R, where d represents the distance between the points, and m is the coefficient of refraction, considering the effects of refraction in the leveling measurements.
Correct Answer: spirit leveling
Explanation: Bench marks are typically fixed using the spirit leveling method, ensuring that accurate and reliable reference points are established for the measurement of elevations in the surveying process.
Correct Answer: fore sight
Explanation: In the leveling process, the final reading is always referred to as the foresight, indicating the last measurement taken at a specific point, helping to determine the elevation of the location.
Correct Answer: precise leveling
Explanation: Tilting levels are commonly utilized for precise leveling applications, ensuring accurate and reliable measurements of elevations and height differentials, critical for various surveying and construction projects.
Correct Answer: precise leveling
Explanation: Geodetic surveys typically employ precise leveling techniques, ensuring the accurate determination of elevations and the creation of precise topographic maps and surveys for large-scale geographic areas.
Correct Answer: automatic level
Explanation: A compensator is specifically utilized in an automatic level to ensure that the line of sight remains perpendicular to the vertical axis, contributing to the accuracy and stability of the leveling instrument during measurements.
Correct Answer: the side of the hill
Explanation: When conducting leveling across a hill, it is essential to set up the level on the side of the hill, ensuring accurate and reliable measurements of the elevation changes across the terrain’s varying topography.
Correct Answer: none of the above
Explanation: A level surface is not directly parallel to any specific surface, instead representing an imaginary surface that is perpendicular to the direction of gravity, aiding in the measurement and determination of elevations during surveying and construction.
Correct Answer: level surface
Explanation: The surface perpendicular to the direction of gravity is referred to as the level surface, denoting an imaginary surface that aids in measuring elevations and height differentials accurately during various surveying and construction activities.
Correct Answer: telescopic staff
Explanation: The Philadelphia rod is classified as a type of telescopic staff, an essential tool used in surveying to accurately measure and record vertical distances and elevations during leveling and other surveying operations.
Correct Answer: -d² / 2R
Explanation: The correction for curvature applied to staff reading is computed using the formula -d² / 2R, where d represents the distance between the points being measured, and R signifies the radius of the Earth, accounting for the effects of the Earth’s curvature on the leveling measurements.
Correct Answer: -ve and +ve
Explanation: The curvature correction applied to staff readings is typically negative, accounting for the downward curvature effect, while the refraction correction is positive, compensating for the bending of light rays during the leveling measurements.
Correct Answer: 2e
Explanation: If the level tube is out of adjustment by an angle e, when the telescope is rotated through 180°, it results in an effective misalignment of 2e, indicating that the error is doubled when the telescope is rotated.
Correct Answer: line of collimation
Explanation: The imaginary line passing through the intersection of crosshairs and the optical center of the object is referred to as the line of collimation, serving as a critical reference line for ensuring the accurate alignment and targeting of the surveying instrument.
Correct Answer: parallax error is completely eliminated when there is no change in the staff reading when the eye is moved up and down
Explanation: The statement about parallax error is the odd one out as parallax error cannot be completely eliminated solely by the absence of change in the staff reading when the eye is moved up and down. It can be minimized by careful adjustments and focusing techniques during surveying operations.
Correct Answer: in profile leveling
Explanation: “Cross-sectioning” and “Longitudinal sectioning” are terms commonly associated with profile leveling, describing the techniques used to create cross-sectional and longitudinal views of the terrain, aiding in the visualization and analysis of the landscape for various surveying and construction purposes.
Correct Answer: above the line of sight
Explanation: An invert is typically taken when the point being measured is above the line of sight, indicating the point at which an architectural element, such as a pipe or a culvert, intersects the inside bottom of the structure, serving as a critical reference point for construction and design purposes.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: When the instrument is shifted during the leveling process, the foresight readings are typically taken after the instrument is moved to a new location. In this case, the foresight readings are recorded after the 2nd, 6th, and 10th readings.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: In the case of the leveling process, the foresight readings are taken after the instrument has been shifted to a new position. Here, the foresight readings are recorded after the 5th, 10th, and 15th readings.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The difference in staff readings between neighboring pegs along the proposed road indicates the gradient of the road. In this case, the staff readings suggest a rising gradient of 1 in 100 for the proposed road.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: A French cross-staff is capable of setting angles of either 45° or 90° during the surveying process, providing flexibility in measuring and setting angles for various applications.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The staff intercept is the difference in staff readings taken from consecutive horizontal crosshairs during the leveling process. In this case, the staff intercept is 0.4, computed as the difference between 1.0 and 0.6.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: When the total fall (Σfall) is recorded as 0 in a survey, it suggests that the ground is continuously rising, indicating that there is no net change in elevation or a negative gradient along the survey path.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: When the total rise (Σrise) is recorded as 0 in a survey, it suggests that the ground is continuously falling, indicating that there is no net change in elevation or a positive gradient along the survey path.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The reduced level (RL) of station B can be calculated by adding the benchmark’s height to the back sight reading and subtracting the foresight reading. In this case, the RL of station B is 499 m.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The staff reading of the intermediate sight (IS) can be calculated by subtracting the RL of the benchmark from the given RL of IS. In this case, the staff reading of IS is 2.5 m.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The reduced level of the base of the pillar can be determined by subtracting the staff reading at the base of the pillar from the reduced level of the line of collimation. In this case, the reduced level of the base of the pillar is 48.85 m.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The reduced level (RL) of point A can be calculated by adding the benchmark’s height to the backsight reading and subtracting the foresight reading. In this case, the RL of point A is 400.10 m.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The reduced level (RL) of the collimation line can be calculated by adding the backsight (BS) staff reading to the RL of the benchmark. In this case, the RL of the collimation line is 105.35 m.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The reduced level (RL) of point B can be calculated by adding the elevation of point A to the backsight (BS) reading at point A and subtracting the foresight (FS) reading at point B. In this case, the RL of point B is 90 m.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: “Bearing” is a term associated with the field of compass surveying and navigation, indicating the direction or horizontal angle of a line, whereas the other terms are directly related to leveling operations.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: Abney levels are commonly used in the survey of gravity water supply systems due to their ability to measure angles of slope and elevation accurately, making them suitable for various topographic surveying applications.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The height of the instrument (HI) is calculated by adding the reduced level (RL) of the benchmark to the backsight (BS) reading, indicating the elevation of the instrument above the benchmark point during the leveling process.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: Plane table surveying involves a method where fieldwork and plotting are conducted simultaneously, allowing for the immediate representation of survey data on the plane table, facilitating the creation of accurate maps and plans.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: Plane table surveying is a graphical method that involves the simultaneous process of conducting fieldwork and plotting, enabling surveyors to directly represent survey data on the plane table during the surveying operation.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: Setting up the plane table involves the combined operations of leveling and centering the table accurately, ensuring that the table is positioned correctly and securely before commencing the surveying and mapping activities.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: Plane table surveying is advantageous compared to other survey methods because it allows surveyors to immediately plot data in the field, reducing the likelihood of missing critical details and ensuring the accuracy and completeness of the survey information.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The plane table survey, while effective for simultaneous fieldwork and plotting, has several drawbacks, including being heavy and awkward to carry, unsuitable for use in wet climates, and potential difficulty in accurately transferring details to a different scale.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: Centering involves precisely positioning the plane table over a station so that the point plotted on the table coincides exactly with the corresponding station on the ground. This ensures accurate plotting and mapping during the survey.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: Orientation in plane table surveying involves maintaining the table’s position at successive stations so that it is parallel to the position it occupied at the previous station, ensuring that the table remains aligned and accurate during the survey process.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: In plane table surveying, the intersection method is commonly used to gather details and plot points that are inaccessible or difficult to reach directly, allowing surveyors to determine locations accurately by intersecting lines of sight from known stations.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: In the intersection method of plane tabling, surveyors typically set up two stations to establish intersecting lines of sight, enabling them to determine the location of points that may not be directly accessible from a single station.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: Resection in plane table surveying is a method used to locate the instrument station precisely, enabling surveyors to establish their position accurately based on visible points and details in the survey area.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The two-point problem in plane table surveying involves determining the position of the plane table based on two visible and well-defined points, allowing surveyors to accurately establish their location without requiring a direct line from the preceding station to the instrument station.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The two-point problem in plane table surveying is considered more laborious compared to the three-point problem, although it may be less accurate. This method requires additional computations and observations to establish the location of the plane table accurately.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The three-point problem in plane table surveying can be solved using various methods, including the tracing paper method, graphical method, or trial and error method, depending on the available data and survey requirements.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The three-point problem in plane table surveying focuses on determining the position of the plane table based on observations from three visible points in the survey area, enabling surveyors to accurately plot and map points on the table.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The standard size of a plane table typically measures 600 x 750mm, providing surveyors with a suitable surface area for conducting fieldwork and accurately plotting data during the surveying process.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The quadrantal bearing of a line is determined using a surveyor’s compass, which is specifically designed to measure the direction or horizontal angle of a line accurately, allowing surveyors to establish bearings and orientations during the survey process.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The strength of the fix in plane table surveying is determined by the accuracy in locating the position of the instrument station through observations taken from three stations, ensuring precise positioning and reliable data for mapping and plotting purposes.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: A good fix in plane table surveying is achieved when the station is within the great triangle, the middle station is farther than the other two stations, and the angle subtended between the stations is not very small, ensuring accurate and reliable survey data.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: A poor fix in plane table surveying is determined when the station is located near the great circle, potentially leading to inaccuracies and inconsistencies in the survey data, affecting the overall reliability of the survey results.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The strength of fix’ is considered poor when the station is located on the great circle, potentially leading to difficulties in accurately positioning the instrument station and affecting the overall reliability and accuracy of the survey data.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: Both the two-point problem and three-point problem in plane table surveying are methods used for both orientation and resection, enabling surveyors to accurately determine the position of the instrument station based on visible points in the survey area.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The resection by a two-point problem in plane table surveying generally requires more labor compared to the three-point problem, although it may take less time. This method may be less accurate due to the limited number of points used for calculations.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: When the plane table is not perfectly horizontal in a direction perpendicular to the alidade, the line of sight remains parallel to the fiducial edge only for horizontal sights, potentially affecting the accuracy and reliability of the survey data for inclined sights.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: When orienting a plane table without two accessible points, the commonly adopted method is the two-point problem, which allows surveyors to determine the position of the instrument station based on observations from two visible and well-defined points, ensuring accurate and reliable survey data for mapping and plotting purposes.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: Personal errors in surveying typically refer to mistakes made by the surveyor during the measurement process. Issues such as the table not being perfectly leveled, centered, or clamped are considered personal errors that can affect the accuracy of the survey data.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: In plane table surveying, the radiation method involves setting up the plane table at one station to observe and record details in the surrounding area, enabling surveyors to map and plot points without the need for additional stations.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: In hilly areas, the intersection method is considered the most suitable for plotting during plane table surveying. This method allows surveyors to determine the location of points accurately, even when the terrain is challenging or uneven.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The intersection method is preferred over radiation when points in the survey area are inaccessible. This method enables surveyors to accurately determine the position of points by observing intersecting lines of sight from visible and accessible stations.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: Resection is not a method of plane tabling. Instead, it is a method used for determining the position of the instrument station by taking observations from known points in the survey area, enabling surveyors to establish their location accurately.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The plumbing fork is an instrument used for centering the plane table accurately during the surveying process, ensuring that the table is positioned precisely over the station for accurate mapping and plotting.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The orientation of the table in plane table surveying can be done using a combination of methods, including the magnetic needle and back sighting, ensuring that the table is accurately positioned and aligned during the survey process.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The fiducial edge is the working edge of the alidade in plane table surveying. This edge is used for sighting and observing points in the survey area, enabling surveyors to accurately determine the position and location of points on the table.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The working edge of the alidade is known as the fiducial edge. This edge is specifically designed for sighting and observing points in the survey area, ensuring precise measurements and accurate plotting during the survey process.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The telescopic alidade is a plane table instrument used for horizontal and vertical measurement without the need for chaining. This instrument enables surveyors to take accurate measurements and observations during the survey process.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The triangle formed by joining the positions of the known points on a plane table survey is known as the great triangle. This triangle enables surveyors to establish accurate locations and measurements for plotting and mapping purposes.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The area of the triangle formed by joining three corner points is always less compared to the circle formed by the same three points. This relationship between the triangle and the circle is a fundamental concept in plane table surveying.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: Theodolite is an essential surveying instrument used for measuring various angles, including horizontal angles, vertical angles, and deflection angles, enabling surveyors to establish accurate measurements and observations during the survey process.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The process of turning the telescope about the horizontal axis in a vertical plane by a complete revolution is known as reversing, transiting, or plunging, depending on the specific context and application in the surveying process.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The process of turning the telescope about the vertical axis in a horizontal plane is known as swinging. This movement enables surveyors to observe and measure various points and angles accurately during the survey process.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The leveling head of a transit theodolite typically consists of various components, including parallel plates, a tribarch plate, leveling screws, and other mechanisms designed to ensure the stability and accuracy of the instrument during the surveying process.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The leveling head serves multiple functions in a transit theodolite, including attaching the theodolite to the tripod, providing a bearing for the outer hollow spindle, and offering a means of leveling the instrument accurately during the survey process.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The size of a theodolite is typically specified by the diameter of the lower plate. This specification helps determine the overall dimensions and characteristics of the theodolite, enabling surveyors to choose the appropriate instrument for specific surveying tasks.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: A 20 cm theodolite refers to the diameter of the lower plate of the theodolite. This specification helps identify the size and dimensions of the instrument, ensuring that the theodolite is suitable for specific surveying tasks and measurements.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: The projection of a line on a plane parallel to the meridian is known as latitude in surveying terminologies. This concept helps determine the specific positioning and location of points in the survey area relative to the equator, enabling accurate mapping and plotting during the survey process.
Correct Answer: departure
Explanation: The projection of a line on a plane perpendicular to the meridian is referred to as “departure” in surveying. This concept helps determine the north-south position of a point relative to a specific reference point.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: When dealing with a telescopic alidade, the necessary adjustments include ensuring that the line of collimation is perpendicular to the axis of the telescope, that the horizontal axis is parallel to the alidade rule, and that the bubble line of the telescope level is parallel to the plane of collimation.
Correct Answer: scale plate
Explanation: The outer spindle attached to the lower plate in a transit theodolite is termed the “scale plate.” It is a critical component that aids in accurate angle measurement and reading during the surveying process.
Correct Answer: line of collimation
Explanation: In a theodolite, the line passing through the intersection of the horizontal and vertical crosshairs and the optical center of the object glass is called the “line of collimation.” This line is essential for accurate sighting and measurement during surveying operations.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: The fundamental lines of transit of the theodolite include the horizontal axis and the line of collimation, as well as the vertical axis, and the axes of plate levels and the bubble line of the telescope level. These lines are crucial for the proper functioning and accurate measurement of the theodolite.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: The upper plate of the theodolite is a critical component attached to the inner spindle, often referred to as the vernier plate. It features two verniers 180° apart for precise and accurate reading of horizontal angles. It is also known as the alidade of the theodolite.
Correct Answer: parallax
Explanation: When the image formed by the objective of the telescope is not in the plane of the crosshairs, it results in a condition known as “parallax.” This phenomenon can lead to errors in sighting and measurement, and it needs correction to ensure accurate surveying results.
Correct Answer: bubble line
Explanation: A straight line tangential to the longitudinal curve of the level tube at its center is referred to as the “bubble line.” This line is critical in leveling instruments to ensure accurate measurements and assessments during surveying tasks.
Correct Answer: the axis about which the telescope can be rotated in a vertical plane
Explanation: The trunion axis or transverse axis refers to the axis around which the telescope can be rotated in a vertical plane. It plays a crucial role in enabling the movement and orientation of the telescope during surveying tasks.
Correct Answer: bubble of the telescope is up and the face of the vertical circle is left
Explanation: A telescope is considered normal when the bubble of the telescope is up, and the face of the vertical circle is to the left. This configuration ensures proper orientation and accurate readings during surveying operations.
Correct Answer: changing face
Explanation: The process of bringing the vertical circle to the right of the observer is known as “changing face.” This adjustment is essential to ensure accurate readings and observations during the surveying process.
Correct Answer: both (a) and (b) of the above
Explanation: Parallax can be eliminated by adjusting both the eyepiece and the objective. Focusing both components appropriately ensures that the image is correctly aligned with the crosshairs, reducing errors and improving the accuracy of surveying measurements.
Correct Answer: adjustment of the horizontal axis
Explanation: The ‘SPIRE TEST’ is utilized in the permanent adjustment of theodolites to ensure the accurate alignment and adjustment of the horizontal axis. This procedure is crucial for maintaining the precision and reliability of the instrument during surveying operations.
Correct Answer: error due to the line of collimation not being perpendicular to the horizontal axis
Explanation: The error eliminated by taking the mean of both face observations is the error due to the line of collimation not being perpendicular to the horizontal axis. By considering both face observations, this error can be minimized to enhance the accuracy of the measurements.
Correct Answer: the difference between the included angle and 180°
Explanation: A traverse deflection angle is the difference between the included angle and 180°. It helps in determining the direction and extent of deviation from the expected path, aiding in accurate plotting and mapping during surveying tasks.
Correct Answer: right-handed or positive
Explanation: When the included angle is greater than 180°, the deflection angle is considered to be right-handed or positive. This understanding is crucial in interpreting and correcting deviations in surveying calculations.
Correct Answer: left-handed or negative
Explanation: If the included angle is less than 180°, the deflection angle is considered to be left-handed or negative. Understanding this distinction is vital in accurately assessing and rectifying deviations in surveying measurements.
Correct Answer: angular closing error
Explanation: The difference between the sum of the measured angles and the theoretical sum of the angles of a closed traverse is known as the angular closing error. This value is essential in evaluating the accuracy and closure of the traverse during surveying operations.
Correct Answer: closing error in bearing
Explanation: The difference between the two bearings of the last line as observed at the first and the last station of a traverse is termed the closing error in bearing. This measure is crucial in evaluating the accuracy of the traverse and ensuring precise adjustments in surveying computations.
Correct Answer: both (a) and (b) of above
Explanation: The bearing of the traverse line can be calculated using both the included angle method and the deflection angle method. These techniques aid in determining the orientation and direction of the traverse line, facilitating accurate mapping and plotting during surveying tasks.
FAQs on Surveying MCQs for Civil Engineers
▸ What is the importance of surveying in civil engineering?
Surveying is crucial in civil engineering as it provides accurate measurements of land and existing structures. This information is essential for planning, designing, and constructing projects. It ensures that the designs align with the real-world conditions and helps in avoiding errors during construction.
▸ What are the common types of surveying used in civil engineering?
Common types of surveying used in civil engineering include land surveying, construction surveying, topographic surveying, and geodetic surveying. Each type serves a specific purpose, from mapping and planning to monitoring construction progress and ensuring structural integrity.
▸ How does surveying contribute to accurate construction projects?
Surveying contributes to accurate construction projects by providing precise measurements and data about the land and existing structures. This helps engineers and architects in creating accurate designs, ensuring proper alignment, and verifying that construction activities follow the planned specifications. Reliable surveying minimizes errors and enhances the quality of the final construction.
▸ What tools are commonly used in surveying for civil engineering?
Common tools used in surveying include total stations, theodolites, GPS systems, and laser scanners. These instruments help in measuring distances, angles, and elevations accurately. Advanced technology such as UAVs (drones) and LiDAR systems are also increasingly used for more detailed and efficient data collection.
▸ What is the role of GPS in modern surveying techniques?
GPS plays a significant role in modern surveying techniques by providing accurate geospatial data. It helps in determining precise locations, mapping large areas, and improving the efficiency of data collection. GPS technology enhances the accuracy of surveys and supports various applications in civil engineering projects.
▸ How does topographic surveying support civil engineering projects?
Topographic surveying supports civil engineering projects by mapping the contours and features of the land. This information is essential for designing infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and buildings. It helps engineers understand the natural landscape, plan drainage systems, and address potential challenges related to landforms and elevations.
▸ What is the difference between land surveying and construction surveying?
Land surveying involves measuring and mapping land and property boundaries for legal and planning purposes. Construction surveying, on the other hand, focuses on the layout and positioning of structures during the construction process. While both types of surveying are essential, land surveying is more concerned with property lines and site preparation, while construction surveying ensures that building elements are correctly placed according to design specifications.
▸ How can civil engineers benefit from using advanced surveying technologies?
Civil engineers benefit from using advanced surveying technologies such as UAVs, LiDAR, and 3D scanning by obtaining highly accurate and detailed data quickly. These technologies improve the precision of surveys, reduce fieldwork time, and provide comprehensive insights for better decision-making and project management. They enhance the ability to analyze and visualize site conditions effectively.
▸ Where can I find practice questions for surveying in civil engineering?
You can find practice questions for surveying in civil engineering on educational websites like https://gkaim.com. These resources offer various quizzes and MCQs to help you test your knowledge and prepare for exams related to surveying and civil engineering.
▸ What is the significance of surveying in the planning stage of civil engineering projects?
Surveying is significant in the planning stage of civil engineering projects as it provides the necessary data about the site’s topography, boundaries, and existing conditions. This information helps in creating accurate project designs, planning construction methods, and identifying potential challenges. Accurate surveying ensures that the project aligns with the real-world conditions and complies with regulatory requirements.