Correct Answer: intakes
Explanation: Intakes are devices specifically designed for drawing water from its source, such as rivers or lakes.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: The intake point should be strategically chosen, considering factors like proximity to the treatment plant, water source purity, and being upstream of waste water disposal.
Correct Answer: intake
Explanation: In the context of gravity water supply systems, the initiation point is the intake. This marks the beginning of the system, where water is drawn from the source and sets in motion the downstream flow through various stages of treatment and distribution.
Correct Answer: intake
Explanation: At the entrance of the intake point, a thrash rack or roughing filter is commonly installed. This component serves the crucial function of filtering out large debris and contaminants before the water undergoes further treatment processes.
Correct Answer: surface and ground
Explanation: In the hill regions and terai (plain) areas of our country, the most common sources of water are surface water in hills and groundwater in the terai. This distinction is essential for understanding and planning water supply systems tailored to the specific characteristics of each region.
Correct Answer: elevated lake
Explanation: Among the options provided, an elevated lake is considered a good source of water requiring minimal treatment. This is due to the relatively pristine nature of water in elevated lakes, reducing the need for extensive treatment processes before distribution.
Correct Answer: stream
Explanation: In mountainous regions, streams are a prevalent source of water.
Correct Answer: well
Explanation: The term “Puits developee” is generally associated with the development of wells. This emphasizes the importance of proper well construction and development techniques for efficient water extraction.
Correct Answer: horizontal well
Explanation: An infiltration gallery is a type of horizontal well used to collect water from the surrounding soil.
Correct Answer: 2 m
Explanation: The minimum depth of an infiltration gallery is typically set at 2 meters. This depth ensures effective water collection from the subsurface environment for subsequent treatment and distribution.
Correct Answer: perched
Explanation: Among the aquifer types, a perched aquifer is characterized by the least water-bearing capacity.
Correct Answer: sedimentation in the reservoir
Explanation: The application of the watershed control method is primarily focused on controlling sedimentation in reservoirs. This approach plays a vital role in maintaining the reservoir’s capacity and water quality by minimizing the influx of sediments.
Correct Answer: slotted tube well
Explanation: Shrouding involves the process of filling materials such as gravel and bajri in a slotted tube well. This technique enhances the well’s structural stability and facilitates efficient water extraction from the surrounding aquifer.
Correct Answer: anywhere
Explanation: Drain valves in distribution pipes are strategically placed at various locations, including lower points, higher points, and junctions. This flexibility allows for effective drainage and maintenance of the distribution system.
Correct Answer: 5
Explanation: The minimum required residual head at a public tap stand is usually set to be not less than 5 units.
Correct Answer: both (a) and (b) above
Explanation: Bentonite and thixotropy are both used during drilling operations to prevent caving. Bentonite, when hydrated, forms a viscous slurry, and thixotropy refers to the property of certain materials to become less viscous when agitated and return to a more solid state when left undisturbed. The combination of these materials helps maintain stability during drilling.
Correct Answer: rate of pumping
Explanation: The radius of influence of a well is influenced by the rate of pumping. As the rate of pumping increases, the zone of influence around the well also expands.
Correct Answer: rain
Explanation: Surface water is primarily obtained from natural sources such as rivers, lakes, and rainfall.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: Groundwater from artesian wells generally contains no suspended materials, often has dissolved salts, and may require less treatment compared to other sources.
Correct Answer: increases as the water table rises
Explanation: The rate of flow in an artesian spring is continuous, and it tends to increase as the water table rises.
Correct Answer: clean gravel
Explanation: Clean gravel typically has a higher coefficient of permeability compared to other soil types, allowing water to flow more easily.
Correct Answer: a confined bed of impervious material between aquifers
Explanation: An aquiclude is a geological formation that acts as a barrier to the flow of groundwater, often found between aquifers.
Correct Answer: above the water table
Explanation: A perched aquifer is typically found above the main water table and is separated from it by an unsaturated zone.
Correct Answer: coarse gravel
Explanation: Coarse gravel has the least specific retention among the mentioned soil types.
Correct Answer: Darcy’s formula
Explanation: Darcy’s formula is widely used to calculate the velocity of flow of underground water in porous media.
Correct Answer: coarse gravel
Explanation: Sinking a well into coarse gravel is generally considered advantageous as it allows for better water flow and easier well construction.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: Water can be supplied to consumers from various sources, including rainy wells, infiltration wells along riverbanks, and infiltration galleries connected to a sump well.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: Dug wells, or open wells, typically have a diameter between 1 to 4 meters, are suitable for smaller discharges, and are generally cost-effective in terms of construction.
Correct Answer: m3/hour/m2/m
Explanation: Specific yield of wells is expressed as the volume of water that can be released from an aquifer per unit volume of the aquifer per unit decline in head.
Correct Answer: strainer well
Explanation: Strainer wells are widely used tube wells in Nepal for extracting groundwater.
Correct Answer: 1.5 sq km
Explanation: To have an insignificant effect on the water table, tube wells are generally spaced at a distance of one in every 1.5 square kilometers.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: The interference of a well is influenced by factors such as the number of wells, the spacing between wells, and the types of wells in operation.
Correct Answer: fine sand strata
Explanation: Strainer type tube wells are not suitable for fine sand strata due to the risk of sand ingress and reduced efficiency.
Correct Answer: the flow is radial
Explanation: In strainer type wells, the flow of water is typically radial, moving outward from the wellbore.
Correct Answer: strainer type tube well
Explanation: Abyssinian tube well is a special type of strainer type tube well designed for specific geological conditions.
Correct Answer: at a distance r/2 from the well
Explanation: The maximum depression of the water table in a well due to pumping occurs at a distance equal to half the radius of influence (r/2) from the well.
Correct Answer: drawdown curve
Explanation: The curve showing the level of water in a well and the original water table is known as the drawdown curve.
Correct Answer: porosity = specific yield + specific retention
Explanation: The relation between porosity, specific yield, and specific retention is expressed as porosity equals the sum of specific yield and specific retention.
Correct Answer: an inverted cone of depression
Explanation: The slope of the hydraulic grade line towards the well creates an inverted cone of depression in the water table.
Correct Answer: 900,00 liters per day
Explanation: The yield from the tube well can be calculated using the formula Q = K * h * A, where Q is the discharge, K is the coefficient of permeability, h is the drawdown, and A is the cross-sectional area of the well.
Correct Answer: 50 liters/sec
Explanation: The average discharge of a tube-well is approximately 50 liters per second.
Correct Answer: more discharge
Explanation: Deep wells typically have more discharge compared to shallow tube wells.
Correct Answer: 30 m
Explanation: The depth of a shallow tube well is economically considered up to 30 meters.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: The total quantity of a reservoir includes balancing reserve, breakdown reserve, fire reserve, and other contingencies.
Correct Answer: capacity of reservoir
Explanation: The mass curve is used to determine the capacity of a reservoir by plotting the cumulative inflow against time.
Correct Answer: 60 m
Explanation: A break pressure tank is typically installed in rural water supply schemes when the static head, or the vertical distance between the water source and the highest point of distribution, exceeds 60 meters. This tank helps manage and control pressure in the system.
Correct Answer: HDP pipe
Explanation: Formwork for ferrocement tanks in rural water supply schemes can be made using High-Density Polyethylene (HDP) pipes, providing a durable and cost-effective solution for construction.
Correct Answer: reduction in yield
Explanation: The sickness of a tube well typically refers to a reduction in its yield, indicating a decline in the amount of water it can provide.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: R.M.O. stands for Running, Maintenance, and Operation, encompassing all activities related to the continuous operation and upkeep of equipment or systems.
Correct Answer: sulphates
Explanation: Gastrointestinal irritation can be caused by an excess of sulphates in water, leading to discomfort and health issues related to the digestive system.
Correct Answer: mottled enamel of teeth
Explanation: Dental caries is less likely to occur in the presence of mottled enamel of teeth. Mottled enamel is a condition caused by excessive fluoride, which can provide protection against dental caries.
Correct Answer: protect children’s teeth
Explanation: Fluoridation is the process of adding fluoride to water to protect children’s teeth and prevent dental cavities without causing dental or skeletal fluorosis.
Correct Answer: chlorides
Explanation: Excessive concentration of chlorides in water can contribute to kidney damage, affecting the normal functioning of the kidneys.
Correct Answer: tuberculosis
Explanation: Tuberculosis is an example of a communicable disease, meaning it can be transmitted from person to person.
Correct Answer: water-washed
Explanation: Diseases caused by the lack of water, such as those related to poor hygiene and sanitation, are termed water-washed diseases.
Correct Answer: dysentery
Explanation: Dysentery is a waterborne disease, typically caused by contaminated water containing pathogenic microorganisms.
Correct Answer: jaundice
Explanation: Jaundice is a waterborne infection caused by viruses, often transmitted through contaminated water.
Correct Answer: nitrates replacing oxygen in hemoglobin
Explanation: Methemoglobinemia, also known as Blue Baby Syndrome, occurs when nitrates replace oxygen in hemoglobin, leading to a reduced ability to transport oxygen in the blood.
Correct Answer: iodine
Explanation: Goitre is primarily caused by a deficiency or excess of iodine in the diet, affecting the thyroid gland.
Correct Answer: logistic curve
Explanation: The growth of a population can be conveniently represented by a logistic curve, which illustrates a gradual increase, stabilization, and then a possible decline in population over time.
Correct Answer: per person per day
Explanation: Per capita water demand is calculated in liters per person per day, providing a measure of the average individual daily water consumption.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: The water demand of a city encompasses domestic water demand, commercial and industrial demand, as well as fire and public-use demand.
Correct Answer: 112 lpcd
Explanation: In a fully plumbed system in the context of Nepal, the water supply demand is typically considered as 112 liters per capita per day (lpcd).
Correct Answer: 10 lpcd
Explanation: The water supply demand in a day school without boarders is generally calculated as 10 liters per capita per day (lpcd).
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: The fire demand of a city is often calculated using formulas such as the underwriters formula, freeman formula, and kuichling’s formula.
Correct Answer: 3182 √p
Explanation: According to the Kuichling formula, the fire demand of water in liters per minute is given by 3182 times the square root of the population in thousands.
Correct Answer: 5663 √p
Explanation: Buston’s formula expresses the fire demand in liters per minute as 5663 times the square root of the population in thousands.
Correct Answer: 5%
Explanation: In the design of waterworks for a city, water demand for public use is typically considered around 5% of the total demand.
Correct Answer: 35%
Explanation: To account for losses, thefts, and wastage of water, an allowance of 35% is often made, as per the Nepal Water Supply Corporation (NWSC) guidelines.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: The per capita consumption of a locality is influenced by climatic conditions, the quality of water supplied, and the distribution pressure within the water supply system.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: The per capita consumption of a locality tends to be higher when good-quality water is supplied, during summer months, and when distribution pressure is increased.
Correct Answer: use of a metering system
Explanation: The use of a metering system can contribute to a decrease in per capita consumption by promoting water conservation and efficient use.
Correct Answer: 2.3
Explanation: The hourly variation factor is generally taken as 2.3 to account for fluctuations in water demand throughout the day.
Correct Answer: 1.8
Explanation: The ratio of the maximum daily consumption to the average demand is often considered as 1.8 in water supply system design.
Correct Answer: 2.7
Explanation: The ratio of maximum hourly consumption to the average hourly consumption on the maximum day is typically taken as 2.7 for designing water supply systems.
Correct Answer: 2.7 × 105 m3
Explanation: The maximum daily consumption on peak hourly demand can be estimated as 2.7 times the average daily consumption. In this case, it would be 2.7 × 105 m3.
Correct Answer: maximum hourly demand on the maximum consumption day
Explanation: The distribution mains in a water supply system are designed for the maximum hourly demand on the maximum consumption day to ensure sufficient capacity during peak usage periods.
Correct Answer: P=180 t-0.10
Explanation: The Goodrich formula is expressed as P=180t-0.10, where P is the percent of the annual average draft for the time t in days.
Correct Answer: straight
Explanation: Normally, the shape of the demand line is considered as straight in water supply system design.
Correct Answer: 40-50 cm below from the surface
Explanation: Water samples are typically collected from 40-50 cm below the surface to ensure representative quality testing.
Correct Answer: 100-150 lit/m2/hr
Explanation: The filtration rate of Slow Sand Filters (SSF) is typically in the range of 100-150 liters per square meter per hour.
Correct Answer: 100-150 lit/m2/minute
Explanation: The filtration rate of Rapid Sand Filters (RSF) is generally in the range of 100-150 liters per square meter per minute.
Correct Answer: 100-250 lit/m2/minute
Explanation: The filtration rate of Pressure filters falls within the range of 100-250 liters per square meter per minute.
Correct Answer: slow sand filter
Explanation: For a community water supply system in Biratnagar, a Slow Sand Filter (SSF) is generally a suitable choice for effective water filtration.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: The selection of a pumping station site is influenced by factors such as the distance from the source of contamination, height above the Highest Flood Level (H.F.L.) of the river, and considerations for future expansion.
Correct Answer: centrifugal pump
Explanation: Centrifugal pumps are suitable for both water and sewage applications.
Correct Answer: removing the trapped air from the pump
Explanation: Priming is the process of removing trapped air from the pump to ensure effective operation.
Correct Answer: hydraulic ram
Explanation: A hydraulic ram pump does not require external power, energy, or fuel for its working.
Correct Answer: foot
Explanation: A traddle pump is typically operated by foot.
Correct Answer: small discharge
Explanation: Rotary pumps are well-suited for applications with small discharge requirements.
Correct Answer: pressure increase
Explanation: A booster pump is specifically used to increase the pressure of water in a system.
Correct Answer: shut off head
Explanation: The head developed in a centrifugal pump when the discharge is zero is referred to as the shut off head.
Correct Answer: WHQ / 75
Explanation: The water horsepower (WHP) of a pump is calculated by dividing the work done (WHQ) by 75.
Correct Answer: 80%
Explanation: The combined efficiency of the pump and motor is calculated by multiplying their individual efficiencies (85% and 94%), resulting in 80.1%, but generally expressed as 80%.
Correct Answer: wholesome water
Explanation: Wholesome water is water that may not be chemically pure but does not contain harmful substances that pose a risk to human health.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: Natural streams undergo self-purification through processes such as dilution, oxygen reduction, and exposure to sunlight.
Correct Answer: all of the above
Explanation: Water analysis involves physical, chemical, and biological tests to assess various aspects of water quality.
Correct Answer: iron
Explanation: Dyspepsia, or indigestion, can be caused by the presence of iron in water.
Correct Answer: copper
Explanation: Copper is considered good for keeping drinking water as it has antimicrobial properties.
Correct Answer: medical
Explanation: Sterilized water is commonly used for medical purposes to ensure it is free from microorganisms.
FAQs on Water Supply & Sanitation Engineering MCQs for Civil Engineers
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