Correct Answer: Open System Interconnection
Explanation: OSI stands for Open System Interconnection, which is a conceptual framework used to understand and implement standard protocols in seven layers for networking.
Correct Answer: 7
Explanation: The OSI model consists of seven layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.
Correct Answer: Physical layer
Explanation: The Physical layer is responsible for the physical transmission of data over network media, including cables and switches, and defines the electrical and physical specifications for devices.
Correct Answer: Providing error detection and correction
Explanation: The Data Link layer provides error detection and correction for data frames, ensuring reliable data transfer over the physical network medium. It is responsible for node-to-node data transfer.
Correct Answer: Network layer
Explanation: The Network layer is responsible for routing data packets between different networks using logical addressing (IP addresses) and determining the best path for data transmission.
Correct Answer: Transport layer
Explanation: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) operates at the Transport layer of the OSI model, providing reliable, connection-oriented data transmission and flow control.
Correct Answer: Presentation layer
Explanation: The Presentation layer handles the formatting, encryption, and decryption of data, ensuring that data is presented in a usable format and securely transmitted.
Correct Answer: To establish, manage, and terminate sessions between applications
Explanation: The Session layer establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between applications, coordinating communication and maintaining connections for data exchange.
Correct Answer: Application layer
Explanation: The Application layer provides end-user services and interfaces, enabling applications to interact with the network and access network resources.
Correct Answer: Physical layer
Explanation: The Physical layer is concerned with the electrical and physical specifications of devices, including hardware components, cables, switches, and the transmission and reception of raw bitstreams over a physical medium.
Correct Answer: Providing a physical connection for data transmission
Explanation: The Physical layer is responsible for providing the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards, and physical aspects.
Correct Answer: Handles error detection and correction for frames
Explanation: The Data Link layer handles error detection and correction for frames, ensuring reliable node-to-node communication and managing data frames between physical devices on the same network.
Correct Answer: Providing logical addressing and path determination
Explanation: The Network layer provides logical addressing (such as IP addresses) and path determination to route data packets between different networks, ensuring data reaches its correct destination.
Correct Answer: Transport layer
Explanation: The Transport layer is responsible for end-to-end communication and error recovery, providing reliable data transfer through flow control, segmentation, and error correction mechanisms.
Correct Answer: Establishing, maintaining, and terminating sessions
Explanation: The Session layer manages the establishment, maintenance, and termination of communication sessions between applications, ensuring organized data exchange.
Correct Answer: Formatting and encrypting data for the application layer
Explanation: The Presentation layer formats and encrypts data for the Application layer, ensuring that data is in a usable format and providing data translation, compression, and encryption.
Correct Answer: Application layer
Explanation: The Application layer interacts directly with user applications, providing network services such as email, file transfer, and web browsing, and acting as the interface between the user and the network.
Correct Answer: Data segments
Explanation: The Transport layer manages data segments, ensuring reliable and sequential data transfer between end systems, and provides flow control and error correction.
Correct Answer: By providing logical addressing and routing
Explanation: The Network layer ensures data reaches its correct destination by providing logical addressing (such as IP addresses) and determining the best path for data transmission through routing protocols.
Correct Answer: Handling media access control and physical addressing
Explanation: The Data Link layer handles media access control (MAC) and physical addressing, managing how devices on the same network segment access the physical medium and communicate with each other using MAC addresses.
Correct Answer: All nodes are connected to a single communication line
Explanation: In a bus topology, all nodes are connected to a single central communication line (the bus), and data sent by one node is available to all other nodes on the bus.
Correct Answer: Single point of failure
Explanation: A main disadvantage of a bus topology is that it has a single point of failure. If the central bus line fails, the entire network goes down, disrupting communication between all nodes.
Correct Answer: Star topology
Explanation: In a star topology, each node is connected to a central hub or switch. All data passes through this central device, which acts as a repeater for data flow.
Correct Answer: The entire network is disrupted
Explanation: In a star topology, if the central hub fails, the entire network is disrupted because all nodes depend on the hub to communicate with each other.
Correct Answer: Easy to implement and maintain
Explanation: An advantage of a star topology is that it is easy to implement and maintain. Each device is independently connected to the hub, making it simple to isolate and troubleshoot faults.
Correct Answer: Along a single communication line to all nodes
Explanation: In a bus topology, data travels along a single communication line (the bus) and is broadcast to all nodes connected to the bus. Each node checks if the data is intended for it.
Correct Answer: Bus topology
Explanation: A bus topology is most susceptible to collisions because all nodes share the same communication line. When multiple nodes try to send data simultaneously, collisions can occur.
Correct Answer: Easier to add new nodes without affecting the network
Explanation: In a star topology, adding new nodes is easier and does not affect the rest of the network, as each node is independently connected to the central hub.
Correct Answer: Hub or switch
Explanation: In a star topology, a hub or switch typically acts as the central point, connecting all the nodes in the network and facilitating communication between them.
Correct Answer: Better fault tolerance and scalability
Explanation: A primary reason for choosing a star topology in modern networks is its better fault tolerance and scalability. Each node is connected to a central hub, making it easier to manage, troubleshoot, and expand the network.
Correct Answer: In a circular manner from one node to the next
Explanation: In a ring topology, data is transmitted in a circular manner from one node to the next. Each node receives data from its predecessor and passes it on to its successor until it reaches its destination.
Correct Answer: A single point of failure can disrupt the entire network
Explanation: In a ring topology, a single point of failure can disrupt the entire network. If one node or connection fails, data transmission is interrupted because the data path is broken.
Correct Answer: Mesh topology
Explanation: Mesh topology provides redundancy by having multiple pathways between nodes. Each node is connected to every other node, ensuring that data can take multiple paths to reach its destination, improving reliability and fault tolerance.
Correct Answer: High redundancy and fault tolerance
Explanation: A primary advantage of a mesh topology is its high redundancy and fault tolerance. Multiple pathways between nodes ensure that if one path fails, data can be rerouted through another path, maintaining network integrity.
Correct Answer: Through the use of a token-passing protocol
Explanation: A ring topology often uses a token-passing protocol to handle data collisions. A token circulates around the ring, and only the node holding the token can send data, thus preventing collisions.
Correct Answer: Multiple redundant paths between nodes
Explanation: In a mesh topology, multiple redundant paths between nodes ensure that data can reach its destination even if one connection fails. This redundancy enhances network reliability and fault tolerance.
Correct Answer: Mesh topology
Explanation: A mesh topology is characterized by each node being connected directly to every other node. This creates a highly interconnected network where data can travel along multiple paths.
Correct Answer: High cost and complexity due to extensive cabling
Explanation: A major drawback of implementing a mesh topology is the high cost and complexity due to the extensive cabling required to connect each node to every other node. This makes it more expensive and complex to set up and maintain.
Correct Answer: Star topology
Explanation: A star topology is highly scalable and easy to add new nodes without disrupting the network. Each node connects to a central hub or switch, making it simple to expand the network by adding additional connections to the hub.
Correct Answer: The token-passing protocol ensures orderly transmission
Explanation: In a ring topology, the token-passing protocol ensures that data reaches the correct destination node by allowing only the node holding the token to transmit data. This orderly method prevents collisions and ensures accurate data delivery.
Correct Answer: A network that combines two or more different topologies
Explanation: A hybrid topology is a network that combines two or more different topologies, such as star, bus, ring, or mesh, to leverage the advantages of each.
Correct Answer: A network combining star and bus topologies
Explanation: An example of a hybrid topology is a network combining star and bus topologies. This setup allows different segments of the network to use the advantages of both topologies.
Correct Answer: High flexibility and scalability
Explanation: A major advantage of a hybrid topology is its high flexibility and scalability, allowing for the combination of various topologies to meet specific network requirements and making it easier to expand the network.
Correct Answer: Only the affected segment may be impacted
Explanation: In a hybrid topology, if a node in one topology segment fails, typically only the affected segment is impacted, while other segments of the network continue to function normally.
Correct Answer: A large enterprise network with different departments using different topologies interconnected
Explanation: A large enterprise network with different departments using different topologies interconnected illustrates the use of a hybrid topology, combining the strengths of various topologies to create an efficient and robust network structure.
Correct Answer: To leverage the strengths and mitigate the weaknesses of different topologies
Explanation: An organization might choose a hybrid topology to leverage the strengths and mitigate the weaknesses of different topologies, creating a more efficient, resilient, and scalable network.
Correct Answer: High implementation and maintenance costs
Explanation: A potential drawback of a hybrid topology is the high implementation and maintenance costs, as combining multiple topologies can be complex and require more resources.
Correct Answer: By isolating network traffic in specific segments
Explanation: A hybrid topology benefits network performance by isolating network traffic in specific segments, reducing congestion, and improving data transmission efficiency within each segment.
Correct Answer: Large, complex enterprise networks
Explanation: Hybrid topologies are commonly used in large, complex enterprise networks where different areas of the organization may require different network designs to meet specific needs.
Correct Answer: By providing multiple paths and redundant connections
Explanation: Hybrid topologies enhance network reliability by providing multiple paths and redundant connections, ensuring that if one path fails, data can still be transmitted through an alternative route.
Correct Answer: A direct connection between two network nodes
Explanation: In a point-to-point topology, there is a direct connection between two network nodes, allowing data to travel directly from one node to the other without passing through any intermediary devices.
Correct Answer: Two computers directly connected with a crossover cable
Explanation: Two computers directly connected with a crossover cable represent a point-to-point topology, as there is a direct, dedicated link between the two devices.
Correct Answer: Easy to troubleshoot and maintain
Explanation: A primary advantage of a point-to-point topology is that it is easy to troubleshoot and maintain due to the direct connection between two devices, making it straightforward to identify and resolve issues.
Correct Answer: From one central node to multiple other nodes
Explanation: In a point-to-multipoint topology, data is transmitted from one central node to multiple other nodes. The central node acts as a source, and all other nodes receive data from it.
Correct Answer: Satellite communication systems
Explanation: Satellite communication systems often use a point-to-multipoint topology, where the satellite (central node) broadcasts signals to multiple ground stations (other nodes).
Correct Answer: Efficient for broadcasting data to multiple nodes
Explanation: A key benefit of a point-to-multipoint topology is its efficiency in broadcasting data to multiple nodes from a central source, making it ideal for applications like broadcasting and satellite communications.
Correct Answer: The direction and flow of data transmission
Explanation: The main difference between point-to-multipoint and multipoint-to-multipoint topologies is the direction and flow of data transmission. In point-to-multipoint, data flows from one central node to multiple nodes, while in multipoint-to-multipoint, data can be transmitted between multiple nodes without a central node.
Correct Answer: Collaborative environments and peer-to-peer networks
Explanation: A common use case for a multipoint-to-multipoint topology is in collaborative environments and peer-to-peer networks, where multiple nodes need to communicate and share data with each other directly.
Correct Answer: By allowing data to be rerouted through multiple paths
Explanation: A multipoint-to-multipoint topology enhances network robustness by allowing data to be rerouted through multiple paths, ensuring continuous communication even if some connections fail.
Correct Answer: Higher complexity and cost
Explanation: A potential drawback of multipoint-to-multipoint topologies is the higher complexity and cost associated with managing multiple connections and ensuring proper routing and communication between numerous nodes.
Correct Answer: To provide resources and services to clients
Explanation: In a client-server model, the primary role of the server is to provide resources and services, such as data, applications, and processing power, to clients that request them.
Correct Answer: Requests services and resources from the server
Explanation: In a client-server model, the client requests services and resources from the server, which processes these requests and returns the appropriate data or service.
Correct Answer: Centralized control and resource management
Explanation: A key advantage of the client-server model is centralized control and resource management, allowing easier administration, maintenance, and security enforcement across the network.
Correct Answer: Shared resources, applications, and databases
Explanation: In a client-server architecture, the server typically stores shared resources, applications, and databases that clients access and utilize.
Correct Answer: Client-server model
Explanation: The client-server model is most suitable for a large organization requiring centralized control and resource management, as it allows for efficient handling of resources and services across the network.
Correct Answer: Through centralized authentication and access control
Explanation: A client-server model enhances security through centralized authentication and access control, making it easier to enforce security policies and manage user permissions.
Correct Answer: The entire network communication halts
Explanation: If the server fails in a client-server network, the entire network communication halts because clients depend on the server for access to resources and services.
Correct Answer: A client that relies heavily on the server for processing and storage
Explanation: A thin client in a client-server model relies heavily on the server for processing power and storage, typically performing minimal tasks locally and offloading most operations to the server.
Correct Answer: Higher implementation and maintenance costs
Explanation: A primary disadvantage of the client-server model is the higher implementation and maintenance costs associated with setting up and managing the server infrastructure.
Correct Answer: HTTP/HTTPS
Explanation: In a client-server model, HTTP/HTTPS is the typical communication protocol used for web services, facilitating the transfer of web pages and other resources between clients and servers.
Correct Answer: Equal roles for all devices in the network
Explanation: In the peer-to-peer (P2P) model, all devices (peers) in the network have equal roles and capabilities, and they can act both as clients and servers.
Correct Answer: File sharing applications like BitTorrent
Explanation: File sharing applications like BitTorrent are commonly associated with the peer-to-peer model, as they allow users to share files directly between their devices without the need for a central server.
Correct Answer: High scalability and cost-effectiveness
Explanation: A primary advantage of the peer-to-peer model is its high scalability and cost-effectiveness, as it does not require expensive server infrastructure and can easily accommodate additional peers.
Correct Answer: Directly between peer devices
Explanation: In a peer-to-peer network, resources are typically shared directly between peer devices without the need for a central server, allowing for direct data exchanges and resource sharing.
Correct Answer: Increased risk of security vulnerabilities
Explanation: A potential drawback of the peer-to-peer model is the increased risk of security vulnerabilities, as each peer acts independently and may not have robust security measures in place.
Correct Answer: Distributed computing projects like SETI@home
Explanation: Distributed computing projects like SETI@home are examples of peer-to-peer network applications, where multiple peers contribute processing power to achieve a common goal without relying on a central server.
Correct Answer: By storing multiple copies of data across different peers
Explanation: The peer-to-peer model handles data redundancy by storing multiple copies of data across different peers, ensuring that data remains accessible even if some peers become unavailable.
Correct Answer: Reduced load on central servers
Explanation: A significant benefit of using a peer-to-peer network for content distribution is the reduced load on central servers, as the content is distributed and shared directly between peers.
Correct Answer: Centralized data management and control
Explanation: A peer-to-peer network would be less effective in scenarios requiring centralized data management and control, as it lacks the centralized authority to manage and secure data uniformly.
Correct Answer: By distributing data and services among multiple peers
Explanation: Peer-to-peer networks improve fault tolerance by distributing data and services among multiple peers, so the network can continue to function even if some peers fail or become disconnected.
Correct Answer: A deprecated version of the Internet Protocol
Explanation: IPv4, or Internet Protocol version 4, is a deprecated version of the Internet Protocol, which has been largely replaced by IPv6 due to IPv4 address exhaustion.
Correct Answer: Increased address space
Explanation: The primary reason for the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is the increased address space offered by IPv6, which allows for a vastly larger number of unique IP addresses compared to IPv4.
Correct Answer: 32 bits
Explanation: IPv4 uses 32 bits for IP addresses, allowing for approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses.
Correct Answer: Limited address space leading to address exhaustion
Explanation: One limitation of IPv4 addresses is the limited address space, which has led to address exhaustion as the number of internet-connected devices continues to grow.
Correct Answer: 128 bits
Explanation: IPv6 addresses are 128 bits in length, providing a significantly larger address space compared to IPv4.
Correct Answer: Automatic address configuration
Explanation: A key feature of IPv6 is automatic address configuration through mechanisms like Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC), simplifying network setup and management.
Correct Answer: Hexadecimal notation
Explanation: IPv6 addresses are commonly represented using hexadecimal notation, where each group of 4 bits is represented by a hexadecimal digit.
Correct Answer: To facilitate the coexistence of IPv4 and IPv6 networks
Explanation: IPv6 transition technologies are designed to facilitate the coexistence of IPv4 and IPv6 networks, allowing them to communicate with each other during the transition period.
Correct Answer: Hexadecimal
Explanation: IPv6 addresses are represented in hexadecimal format, providing a larger address space and making them easier to work with compared to IPv4 addresses.
Correct Answer: Increased address space
Explanation: One advantage of IPv6 over IPv4 is the significantly increased address space, which allows for the allocation of a virtually unlimited number of unique IP addresses.
Correct Answer: Dividing a network into smaller, manageable sub-networks
Explanation: Subnetting involves dividing a larger network into smaller, more manageable sub-networks to improve efficiency and manageability.
Correct Answer: To improve network performance
Explanation: The purpose of subnetting is to improve network performance by dividing a large network into smaller segments, reducing congestion and improving data transmission efficiency.
Correct Answer: Describing subnet masks and network prefixes
Explanation: CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) notation is used in networking to describe subnet masks and network prefixes, indicating the network portion of an IP address.
Correct Answer: 255.255.255.0
Explanation: In CIDR notation, /24 represents a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, indicating that the first 24 bits of the IP address represent the network portion.
Correct Answer: 32
Explanation: In a subnet with a /27 CIDR notation, there are 32 host addresses available (2^5 – 2), as 5 bits are used for host addressing, leaving 27 bits for the network portion.
Correct Answer: The number of bits used for subnetting
Explanation: The network prefix length in CIDR notation specifies the number of bits used for subnetting, determining the size of the network and the number of available subnets.
Correct Answer: /21
Explanation: The CIDR notation for the subnet mask 255.255.248.0 is /21, as it represents 21 bits set to 1 in binary notation, indicating the network prefix length.
Correct Answer: Reduces IP address space wastage
Explanation: The primary advantage of using CIDR notation is that it reduces IP address space wastage by allowing for variable-length subnet masking, leading to more efficient allocation of IP addresses.
Correct Answer: CIDR notation represents the network prefix length
Explanation: CIDR notation differs from traditional IP address notation by representing the network prefix length rather than specifying the subnet mask in dotted-decimal format.
Correct Answer: 64
Explanation: With a /26 CIDR notation, 6 bits are used for subnetting, allowing for a maximum of 64 (2^6) subnets to be created.