Biotechnology and its Applications Mock Test – Class 12 Biology

1. Assess the statements below concerning Bt protein crystals.
I. Bacillus thuringiensis forms insecticidal protein crystals during a particular phase of growth.
II. The protein in these crystals is initially present as an inactive protoxin.
III. Activation of the protoxin normally occurs inside the bacterium before crystal formation.
IV. The inactive state helps explain why the producing bacterium is not harmed by its own Bt toxin.
Which combination is valid?

2. Company P patents a genuinely novel biotechnology process developed using biological material obtained with permission and agreed benefit sharing. Company Q uses traditional medicinal knowledge without permission or compensation but never files a patent. Which interpretation is most accurate?

3. A biotechnology production system uses an efficient engineered microorganism but is maintained under conditions in which the organism grows poorly and produces little desired product. Which critical research area requires improvement?

4. A tissue-culture medium supplies sucrose, inorganic salts, vitamins and amino acids but no auxins or cytokinins. The explant remains alive and some cells divide, yet organised regeneration is poor. Which interpretation is most appropriate?

5. Researchers use a transgenic mouse carrying a disease-associated genetic change that produces a reproducible abnormal phenotype. A second group carrying the same change receives an experimental treatment and shows substantially reduced disease features. What is the most appropriate use of this model?

6. A tomato protoplast and a potato protoplast are fused successfully, and regenerated plants display some characteristics of both parents. However, the plants lack several traits required for profitable cultivation. What does this result demonstrate?

7. Compare the two molecular forms shown below.

Which assessment is correct?

8. Use the transformation described below. Structure P contains A-region, B-region and C peptide. Processing removes the C peptide, producing Structure Q with A and B chains connected through disulphide bridges. Which conclusion best integrates the transformation?

9. A laboratory attempts somatic hybridisation but fails to remove the rigid cell walls from the two selected plant cells. All other conditions are suitable. The most immediate difficulty expected is:

10. A parasitic organism infects tobacco roots and can cause substantial reduction in crop yield. The organism described in the RNA interference example is:

11. Turmeric and neem are mentioned alongside Basmati in discussions of biotechnology-related intellectual property because they illustrate:

12. During normal processing of proinsulin, the extra peptide segment removed before mature insulin is formed is:

13. Evaluate the statements below about biotechnology.
I. Production of a therapeutic protein on a large scale is an application of biotechnology.
II. Molecular detection of a disease-causing agent can be a biotechnology application.
III. Improving an enzyme used in production is identical to the final therapeutic application of the product.
IV. Agricultural improvement can be one of the practical fields of biotechnology.
Which set contains the valid statements?

14. A biodiversity-rich region possesses extensive traditional knowledge of medicinal plants, while an outside company has far greater financial and technological capacity to develop commercial products. Why does this situation create a strong need for benefit-sharing safeguards?

15. Additional transgenic-animal attempts to produce useful biological products have been associated with:

16. The steps below describe establishment of RNAi-based nematode resistance in tobacco:
P. Introduce nematode-specific sequences into tobacco using an Agrobacterium vector
Q. Express complementary sense and antisense RNAs in the transgenic plant
R. Form double-stranded RNA
S. Silence the corresponding nematode mRNA
Which sequence is appropriate?

17. Three engineered biological systems are used as production platforms: an E. coli culture produces human insulin chains, a GM plant produces a pharmaceutical compound, and a transgenic animal produces a useful human protein. What common biotechnology principle links the three?

18. Banana, sugarcane and potato are placed in one group during a biotechnology exercise. The biological relation justifying this grouping is that all three are:

19. Two genetically modified plants are compared. Plant P produces a pharmaceutical compound intended for medical use. Plant Q has increased provitamin A in its edible tissue. Which classification is correct?

20. In a recombinant insulin experiment, E. coli cultures successfully produce the human A and B chains. During downstream recovery, however, the A chain is lost completely while the B chain is recovered normally. What is the most direct consequence?

21. In the historical context, the regulatory role attributed to GEAC is most closely associated with:

22. Match each decision in Bt crop development with the biological information needed to make it.

23. Consider the following organisms.
P. A fungus engineered to express an introduced gene
Q. A bacterium whose genome has been deliberately modified
R. An animal carrying and expressing an extra foreign gene
S. A plant produced only by ordinary seed selection with no deliberate genetic manipulation
Which organisms fit the definition of genetically modified organisms?

24. A crop-improvement programme has access to a conventional variety carrying the desired trait, and breeders can transfer the trait efficiently without excessive cost or biological difficulty. Which conclusion is most appropriate?

25. A biotechnology team successfully produces human insulin A and B chains in separate biological systems, but no functional insulin is obtained until the recovered chains are combined appropriately. The difficulty most directly illustrates:

26. Examine the statements below about the recombinant human insulin strategy associated with Eli Lilly.
I. The strategy was reported in .
II. Separate DNA sequences corresponding to the human insulin A and B chains were used.
III. The two insulin chains were initially produced as one permanent chain containing C peptide.
IV. The approach ultimately aimed to generate correctly assembled human insulin.
Which combination is valid?

27. A public-health programme wants a crop-based biotechnology intervention aimed specifically at reducing dietary Vitamin A deficiency rather than reducing insect damage. Which choice best fits the objective?

28. A somatic-hybridisation experiment involves the following stages:
P. Isolate protoplasts from two selected plant varieties
Q. Fuse the compatible protoplasts
R. Culture the resulting hybrid protoplast
S. Regenerate a plant from the cultured hybrid cells
Which sequence correctly represents the procedure?

29. Two biotechnology projects both fail despite successful gene introduction. In Project P, a Bt crop expresses a Cry protein that cannot bind effectively to the target insect midgut. In Project Q, a transgenic animal carries a therapeutic human gene that is not expressed. Which principle best unifies the failures?

30. A company obtains legal protection over a biotechnology product or process involving a biological resource. This situation is most directly related to:

31. Use the structure described below. A plant cell initially has an outer cell wall surrounding the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. An enzyme treatment removes the cell wall without destroying the plasma membrane. The product obtained is:

32. The following stages belong to the recombinant production of human insulin described:
P. Insert DNA sequences for A and B chains into separate plasmids
Q. Express the chains separately in E. coli
R. Recover the A and B chains
S. Combine the chains and establish appropriate disulphide linkages
Which sequence is correct?

33. A GM crop shows no unusual effect while confined to controlled research plots. After wider environmental release, however, it begins interacting with a non-target species in an unexpected way. Which conclusion is best supported?

34. For each biotechnology intervention, identify its intended benefit and a relevant limitation or condition.

35. Which animal best fits the definition of a transgenic animal?

36. Tobacco plants in one field develop severe root infestation by Meloidogyne incognita and subsequently show a substantial decline in productivity. Which interpretation best connects the observations?

37. A genetically engineered crop successfully reduces pest damage and decreases pesticide use. Before large-scale adoption, however, researchers identify uncertain effects on a non-target species and discover that some source germplasm was obtained from a traditional farming community without an agreed benefit-sharing arrangement. Which conclusion best integrates the evidence?

38. Assertion: Bacillus thuringiensis can produce crystals containing insecticidal protein without being killed by that protein during normal bacterial growth.
Reason: The Bt toxin protein is produced initially in an inactive protoxin form.

39. Four biotechnology outcomes are described: reduced pesticide use after Bt protection, earlier pathogen detection by PCR, production of recombinant human insulin, and recovery of virus-free plants through meristem culture. These outcomes are best classified collectively as:

40. Control tobacco roots and RNAi-engineered tobacco roots are deliberately exposed to the same Meloidogyne incognita inoculum. After , the control roots show substantial nematode infection whereas the engineered roots remain strongly protected. Which inference is best supported by this experimental design?

41. Three Bt-toxin tests are performed under otherwise comparable conditions.

Which conclusion is best supported?

42. Two transgenic animal projects use human genes. Project P introduces a gene so the animal develops a disease-like phenotype for research. Project Q introduces a gene so the animal secretes a useful human protein that can be collected. How should the projects be classified?

43. Agrobacterium successfully transfers the intended nematode-specific DNA sequences into tobacco cells, but the introduced sequences are not transcribed in the regenerated plants. What is the most likely consequence for RNAi-based protection?

44. Two resistance systems fail for different reasons. In System P, activated Bt toxin can no longer bind effectively to the target insect midgut. In System Q, a nematode target mRNA acquires sequence changes that greatly reduce complementarity with the interfering RNA. Which conclusion best integrates the two results?

45. If a virus is abundant in mature tissues of a diseased plant but absent or present at very low levels in its actively growing meristem, regeneration from that meristem is expected to:

46. A transgenic mouse is engineered to reproduce important biological features of a human disorder. Researchers use the mouse to investigate how the disease develops and to evaluate possible treatments. This use of the animal is best classified as:

47. A transgenic mouse is used to assess polio-vaccine safety, while a transgenic cow is engineered to produce a useful human protein in milk. Which distinction is correct?

48. The following four genetically modified crops differ in their primary engineered outcome.

Which crop most directly illustrates reduction of post-harvest losses?

49. Match each ELISA-based diagnostic target with what its detection would indicate.

50. Recombinant biotechnology can contribute to vaccine-related healthcare applications most directly by: