Biotechnology and its Applications Mock Test – Class 12 Biology

1. Which organism should be classified as genetically modified in the sense used here?

2. Use the arrangement described below. Molecule P contains an A-region, a B-region and a connecting C peptide. After processing, Molecule Q contains A and B chains joined through disulphide bridges, while the C peptide is no longer part of the molecule. Molecules P and Q are respectively:

3. A genetically engineered crop successfully reduces pest damage and decreases pesticide use. Before large-scale adoption, however, researchers identify uncertain effects on a non-target species and discover that some source germplasm was obtained from a traditional farming community without an agreed benefit-sharing arrangement. Which conclusion best integrates the evidence?

4. Match each genetically modified crop objective with the agricultural benefit it most directly represents.

5. An RNA-genome virus infects a eukaryotic cell and generates viral RNA, but none of that RNA is complementary to a particular host mRNA under study. What follows for RNA interference against that host mRNA?

6. Examine the statements below about RNA interference.
I. RNAi is a sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene-silencing mechanism.
II. Complementary double-stranded RNA is linked with suppression of a specific target mRNA.
III. RNAi requires permanent deletion of the target gene from the nematode genome.
IV. Reduced target-mRNA expression can impair parasite survival in the engineered host.
Which combination is valid?

7. A child with ADA deficiency receives genetically corrected lymphocytes. ADA activity improves after treatment but later declines, even though the functional ADA cDNA introduced into the original cells was appropriate. Which explanation best accounts for the decline?

8. Tobacco plants are transformed successfully with Agrobacterium, but the transferred construct contains an unrelated plant sequence rather than the intended Meloidogyne incognita sequence. The plants express the construct normally. What outcome is most likely after nematode infection?

9. Assess the statements below about treatments for ADA deficiency.
I. Bone-marrow transplantation is distinct from gene therapy.
II. Injection of functional ADA represents enzyme-replacement therapy.
III. Introducing functional ADA cDNA into cultured patient lymphocytes represents ex vivo gene therapy.
IV. All three approaches modify the patient's lymphocyte DNA in the same way.
Which combination is valid?

10. A valuable banana plant shows systemic viral disease, yet healthy planting material is needed from the same variety. The most appropriate tissue-culture strategy is to:

11. A patient previously treated with insulin isolated from cattle or pig pancreas develops an unwanted immune reaction. The patient is then switched to correctly produced recombinant human insulin. Which advantage of recombinant biotechnology is most relevant to this change?

12. A farmer needs large numbers of healthy banana plants from a valuable parent that carries a systemic viral infection in most differentiated tissues. Which biotechnology strategy best integrates disease removal with rapid multiplication?

13. In the historical reference, mice constitute more than of existing transgenic animals. If all transgenic animals are divided into mice and non-mice, what can be concluded about the combined non-mouse fraction?

14. Two cotton bolls are described after exposure to bollworms. Boll P is extensively damaged, whereas Boll Q develops into a fully mature boll. If Q came from an effectively protected Bt cotton plant under otherwise comparable exposure, the most appropriate inference is:

15. A plant-breeding laboratory has two objectives. Project P requires thousands of genetically similar, virus-free plants from a valuable infected parent. Project Q requires combination of desirable cellular traits from two different plant varieties without normal sexual fertilisation. Which pair of approaches is most appropriate?

16. If RNAi in a transgenic tobacco plant successfully suppresses an essential Meloidogyne incognita mRNA, the most direct downstream consequence is:

17. A comparison of four engineered crops is shown below.

Which crop represents nutritional enhancement rather than stress tolerance or resource-use improvement?

18. A crop is genetically modified to resist a major insect pest. If the resistance works effectively under field conditions, the most direct agricultural consequence expected from that particular trait is:

19. Assertion: Bacillus thuringiensis can produce crystals containing insecticidal protein without being killed by that protein during normal bacterial growth.
Reason: The Bt toxin protein is produced initially in an inactive protoxin form.

20. Match each ADA-deficiency treatment with its defining feature.

21. A new crop variety shows unusually high drought tolerance, but the breeder provides no evidence that its genes were deliberately manipulated. Which conclusion is scientifically safest?

22. Match each PCR application with the biological target or diagnostic context most closely associated with it.

23. Four statements are given below about activation of Bt toxin in a susceptible insect.
I. The insect ingests the toxin initially as an inactive protoxin.
II. Alkaline conditions in the gut promote solubilisation of the crystal.
III. Activation precedes the normal interaction of toxin with midgut epithelial cells.
IV. The active toxin must first return to Bacillus thuringiensis before it can act.
Which combination is valid?

24. A historical account describes changes made to Indian patent-related provisions in response to concerns about biological resources. Which interpretation is most appropriate when answering a historical biotechnology question?

25. A virus-free banana plant is successfully regenerated from a selected meristem taken from an infected stock plant. The nursery now needs several thousand plants that retain the characteristics of this healthy regenerated plant. Which next step is most appropriate?

26. Consider the following plant-biotechnology examples.

Which assessment is correct?

27. A structural diagram describes mature insulin as two polypeptide chains positioned adjacent to one another and held together by covalent linkages. The relevant linkages are:

28. Use the transformation described below. Structure P contains A-region, B-region and C peptide. Processing removes the C peptide, producing Structure Q with A and B chains connected through disulphide bridges. Which conclusion best integrates the transformation?

29. An ADA-deficient patient receives Treatment P, consisting of regular injections of functional ADA enzyme. Another receives Treatment Q, in which cultured lymphocytes are given functional ADA cDNA and returned to the patient. Which comparison is correct?

30. Three structures are obtained after different treatments of plant cells.

Which structure is the appropriate viable protoplast for use in somatic fusion?

31. A transgenic animal carries an introduced human gene and secretes the corresponding human protein in a recoverable biological product. This application is best described as:

32. Two transgenic lines are exposed to the same potentially toxic chemical. Line P was engineered for increased sensitivity and shows a clear harmful response earlier than ordinary animals. Line Q lacks that engineered sensitivity and responds much later. What is the main experimental advantage of Line P?

33. An ADA-deficient patient improves while receiving repeated injections of functional ADA enzyme but the benefit declines after the injections are discontinued. Which explanation best fits the treatment mechanism?

34. Match each insulin-related component with its correct status.

35. Which classification correctly separates three approaches used or discussed for ADA deficiency?

36. Consider the following historical reference facts about Basmati.
I. India is described as having about rice varieties.
II. documented Basmati varieties are mentioned.
III. The Basmati patent dispute described is associated with .
IV. These figures should be treated as a complete current legal record of all rice-related patents.
Which combination is valid?

37. Match each question faced during biotechnology governance with the issue it primarily addresses.

38. A pest-resistant GM crop suffers much less insect damage than its non-resistant counterpart. Farmers consequently apply fewer chemical insecticides against that target pest. Which relationship is most directly demonstrated?

39. Commercial micropropagation examples are listed below. Pair each crop with its status as a recognised tissue-culture example.
P. Tomato
Q. Banana
R. Apple
S. Wheat
I. Recognised commercial tissue-culture example
II. Not included among the listed commercial examples

40. A cotton line has been engineered to express a Bt insecticidal protein. Farmers observe substantially less damage from the susceptible target insect and consequently reduce chemical insecticide applications directed at that pest. The observations most strongly illustrate that:

41. Match each tailor-made GM plant objective with the type of useful industrial resource it may be designed to produce.

42. Review the statements below concerning biological resources and traditional knowledge.
I. Many developing regions are rich in biodiversity and associated traditional knowledge.
II. Industrially wealthy countries may possess strong technological and financial resources for commercial development.
III. Traditional knowledge may reduce the time and effort needed to identify useful biological applications.
IV. Biodiversity-rich communities automatically receive an equitable share of every commercial benefit.
Which combination is valid?

43. A horticultural laboratory begins with a small amount of disease-free planting material and repeatedly regenerates plantlets from cultured tissue. Within a relatively short period, a very large number of plants is available for cultivation. This result primarily illustrates:

44. A biotechnology programme develops recombinant therapeutic proteins, molecular diagnostic tools and genetically modified crops. These activities are best viewed as:

45. A goat carrying a human therapeutic gene secretes the encoded protein into its milk, from which the protein can be recovered. Which feature establishes the project as a biological-product application rather than merely a transgenic-animal experiment?

46. Why may diagnosis based mainly on conventional symptoms fail to identify some infections at an early stage?

47. Evaluate the statements below about mature human insulin.
I. It contains an A polypeptide chain.
II. It contains a B polypeptide chain.
III. The two chains are associated through disulphide bridges.
IV. C peptide remains as a third chain in mature insulin.
Which combination is valid?

48. Two ADA-deficient patients show improved ADA activity after treatment. Patient P receives repeated injections of functional ADA enzyme, whereas Patient Q receives cultured lymphocytes into which functional ADA cDNA was introduced before reinfusion. Which additional observation would most specifically distinguish the mechanism used for Patient Q?

49. Four statements are given below about recombinant therapeutics.
I. Recombinant DNA technology can support large-scale production of therapeutic molecules.
II. Recombinant products may provide therapeutics compatible with human use.
III. Recombinant production guarantees that purification is unnecessary.
IV. Recombinant therapeutics can form an important application of medical biotechnology.
Which combination is valid?

50. In a pre-human vaccine study, a transgenic mouse line shows no harmful response to a tested vaccine under conditions designed for safety evaluation. What is the most appropriate interpretation?