401. Which statement about radiography in cancer detection is correct?
ⓐ. It can help identify internal abnormal masses in the body.
ⓑ. It is mainly used to transfer ready-made antibodies.
ⓒ. It replaces histopathological study in every case.
ⓓ. It is useful only in fungal skin disease.
Correct Answer: It can help identify internal abnormal masses in the body.
Explanation: Radiography is useful in detecting certain internal abnormalities that may suggest cancer. It helps visualize structures that cannot be assessed from the outside. However, it does not always replace tissue diagnosis when confirmation is needed. Its main role is imaging, not treatment or immune testing.
402. Which statement best describes surgery as a cancer treatment?
ⓐ. It works mainly by creating antibodies against tumour cells.
ⓑ. It is used only after all other methods have failed.
ⓒ. It involves physical removal of the tumour from the body.
ⓓ. It is the same as radiographic diagnosis.
Correct Answer: It involves physical removal of the tumour from the body.
Explanation: Surgery treats cancer by removing the tumour mass physically from the body. It is especially useful when the tumour is localized and accessible. This method is different from radiation or drug-based treatment. The aim is direct elimination of malignant tissue rather than immune stimulation.
403. Radiotherapy is based mainly on the use of
ⓐ. bacterial toxins
ⓑ. antihistamines
ⓒ. insulin injections
ⓓ. radiation to destroy cancer cells
Correct Answer: radiation to destroy cancer cells
Explanation: Radiotherapy uses controlled radiation to damage and destroy cancer cells. Because cancer cells divide rapidly, they can be especially affected by such treatment. This method is distinct from surgery, which removes tissue physically, and chemotherapy, which uses drugs. The central idea is therapeutic use of radiation.
404. Chemotherapy in cancer treatment mainly involves
ⓐ. exposure of skin to ultraviolet light
ⓑ. use of drugs to kill or suppress cancer cells
ⓒ. passive transfer of ready-made antibodies
ⓓ. surgical removal of lymph nodes only
Correct Answer: use of drugs to kill or suppress cancer cells
Explanation: Chemotherapy refers to treatment with anticancer drugs that act against rapidly dividing cancer cells. It is widely used in many cancers, either alone or with other methods. The approach is medicinal rather than surgical or purely radiational. Drug-based control is the defining feature of chemotherapy.
405. Why are combination therapies often used in cancer treatment?
ⓐ. Different methods can complement one another against the tumour.
ⓑ. Cancer cells can be diagnosed only after three treatments are combined.
ⓒ. One treatment is always used only to improve skin colour.
ⓓ. Combination is needed because benign tumours always become malignant.
Correct Answer: Different methods can complement one another against the tumour.
Explanation: Cancer often requires more than one therapeutic approach because no single method is ideal in every situation. Surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy may each address different aspects of the disease. Using them together can improve control of tumour growth and spread. Combination treatment is therefore common in clinical practice.
406. Which of the following is a common side effect associated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy?
ⓐ. Increased formation of colostrum
ⓑ. Permanent immunity against all cancers
ⓒ. Enhanced contact inhibition in normal cells
ⓓ. Hair loss and anaemia
Correct Answer: Hair loss and anaemia
Explanation: Cancer treatment can affect not only tumour cells but also some normal rapidly dividing cells. This is why side effects such as hair loss and anaemia are commonly seen. These effects reflect the difficulty of targeting only malignant tissue. Treatment is often beneficial, but side effects must also be managed.
407. Which substance is mentioned as a biological response modifier used in cancer treatment?
ⓐ. Histamine
ⓑ. Reverse transcriptase
ⓒ. alpha-interferon
ⓓ. Haemozoin
Correct Answer: alpha-interferon
Explanation: alpha-interferon is mentioned as a biological response modifier in cancer therapy. It helps activate the immune system against tumour cells rather than acting as a conventional surgical or chemotherapeutic method. This gives it a distinct place among treatment approaches. Its role is linked with immune support against cancer.
408. Assertion (A): Cancer treatment may involve surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or biological response modifiers.
Reason (R): Different cancers may require different or combined approaches for effective management.
ⓐ. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
ⓑ. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
ⓒ. A is true, but R is false.
ⓓ. A is false, but R is true.
Correct Answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Cancer is not a single uniform disease, so treatment often depends on tumour type, location, spread, and severity. Because of this, different therapeutic methods may be chosen alone or in combination. Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and biological response modifiers all have roles in management. The reason directly explains why multiple treatment approaches are used.
409. Which statement about alpha-interferon in cancer therapy is correct?
ⓐ. It is used as a biological response modifier that can activate the immune system against tumours.
ⓑ. It acts only as a local anaesthetic during tumour surgery.
ⓒ. It is a diagnostic dye used only in biopsy slides.
ⓓ. It replaces all need for radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
Correct Answer: It is used as a biological response modifier that can activate the immune system against tumours.
Explanation: alpha-interferon is mentioned as a biological response modifier rather than as a conventional cytotoxic drug. Its value lies in helping the body’s immune system act against tumour cells. This makes it different from surgery, which removes tissue, and from radiotherapy or chemotherapy, which damage cancer cells more directly. Its role is therefore immunological support in cancer treatment.
410. Which comparison between surgery and chemotherapy in cancer treatment is correct?
ⓐ. Surgery uses drugs, whereas chemotherapy removes the tumour physically.
ⓑ. Surgery physically removes tumour tissue, whereas chemotherapy uses anticancer drugs.
ⓒ. Surgery is only diagnostic, whereas chemotherapy is only preventive.
ⓓ. Surgery acts through radiation, whereas chemotherapy acts through antibodies only.
Correct Answer: Surgery physically removes tumour tissue, whereas chemotherapy uses anticancer drugs.
Explanation: Surgery and chemotherapy differ mainly in how they act on cancer. Surgery removes the tumour mass directly from the body, while chemotherapy uses drugs to kill or suppress cancer cells. These methods may be used alone or together depending on the case. The distinction is physical removal versus drug-based treatment.
411. Which statement about side effects of cancer therapy is most accurate?
ⓐ. They occur only in benign tumours.
ⓑ. They prove that treatment has failed completely.
ⓒ. They may appear because some normal rapidly dividing cells are also affected.
ⓓ. They are caused only by viral infections acquired during treatment.
Correct Answer: They may appear because some normal rapidly dividing cells are also affected.
Explanation: Cancer therapy often targets rapidly dividing cells, but some normal body cells also divide actively. Because of that, treatment may affect hair roots, blood-forming tissues, and other normal sites, producing side effects such as hair loss and anaemia. This does not mean treatment is useless. It reflects the challenge of selectively targeting malignant cells.
412. A doctor uses surgery to remove the main tumour, followed by radiotherapy to destroy remaining malignant cells in the region. This approach is best described as
ⓐ. passive immunisation
ⓑ. single-step diagnosis
ⓒ. innate immune activation
ⓓ. combination therapy
Correct Answer: combination therapy
Explanation: Combination therapy means using more than one treatment method to manage cancer more effectively. Surgery can remove the main tumour bulk, while radiotherapy can help control remaining malignant cells nearby. This combined strategy is common because cancers vary in extent and behaviour. Using complementary methods often improves control.
413. Drug and alcohol abuse among adolescents is considered a major concern mainly because
ⓐ. it is restricted only to old age
ⓑ. it is increasing and can cause serious physical, mental, and social harm
ⓒ. it affects only digestive enzyme secretion
ⓓ. it always produces immunity against infections
Correct Answer: it is increasing and can cause serious physical, mental, and social harm
Explanation: Substance abuse is treated as a major concern because it affects health, behaviour, relationships, and long-term well-being. The problem is especially serious in younger age groups because habits can begin early and lead to dependence later. Its effects are not limited to one organ system. The concern is therefore broad and medically significant.
414. Which group is included among the major categories of abused drugs?
ⓐ. Opioids
ⓑ. Antibiotics
ⓒ. Vaccines
ⓓ. Anticoagulants
Correct Answer: Opioids
Explanation: Opioids are one of the major groups of abused substances. They act on specific receptors and can alter nervous system function, producing dependence and other harmful effects. Antibiotics, vaccines, and anticoagulants are not part of the major abused drug categories listed here. Opioids therefore fit the required category.
415. Which set contains only major categories of abused drugs?
ⓐ. Opioids, cannabinoids, and coca alkaloids
ⓑ. Hormones, enzymes, and vitamins
ⓒ. Antibiotics, antacids, and analgesics
ⓓ. Interferons, antibodies, and vaccines
Correct Answer: Opioids, cannabinoids, and coca alkaloids
Explanation: The major abused groups are opioids, cannabinoids, and coca alkaloids. These categories include several substances that act strongly on the nervous system and may lead to abuse and dependence. The other sets list useful biological molecules or unrelated substances. This grouping helps in understanding source and action.
416. Which statement best describes the source pattern of many abused substances?
ⓐ. All are produced only by bacteria.
ⓑ. All are made only in human liver cells.
ⓒ. None have any natural plant source.
ⓓ. Many are derived from flowering plants, and some are obtained from fungi.
Correct Answer: Many are derived from flowering plants, and some are obtained from fungi.
Explanation: Several commonly abused substances are obtained from natural biological sources. Many come from flowering plants, while some others are linked with fungi. Their natural source does not make them safe when abused. Biological origin and harmful effect can coexist.
417. Which statement correctly compares the major abused drug groups named here?
ⓐ. All three are types of vitamins stored in the liver.
ⓑ. All three are broad categories of psychoactive substances that may be abused.
ⓒ. All three act only as antibiotics against pathogens.
ⓓ. All three are forms of passive immunity used in emergencies.
Correct Answer: All three are broad categories of psychoactive substances that may be abused.
Explanation: Opioids, cannabinoids, and coca alkaloids are grouped together because they are psychoactive substances with abuse potential. They affect the nervous system in different ways but all may lead to harmful use and dependence. They are not nutrients, antibiotics, or immune products. Their grouping is therefore functional and pharmacological.
418. Fill in the blank in the most accurate way:
Among the major abused drug groups, cocaine belongs to the category of ______.
ⓐ. opioids
ⓑ. barbiturates
ⓒ. coca alkaloids
ⓓ. benzodiazepines
Correct Answer: coca alkaloids
Explanation: Cocaine is classified under coca alkaloids, one of the major abused drug groups. This classification separates it from opioids and cannabinoids, which have different sources and modes of action. Recognizing the correct category helps connect the drug with its plant source and stimulant effect. The term points to its alkaloid nature and origin.
419. Assertion (A): Substance abuse is an important public-health issue among young people.
Reason (R): It may begin early and progress into harmful patterns affecting body, behaviour, and society.
ⓐ. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
ⓑ. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
ⓒ. A is true, but R is false.
ⓓ. A is false, but R is true.
Correct Answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Substance abuse is a public-health issue because it can begin at a vulnerable age and lead to far-reaching damage. The effects may include disturbed behaviour, poor health, and social problems. This progression explains why rising abuse among youth is treated seriously. The reason therefore directly supports the assertion.
420. Which statement about abused drug categories is correct?
ⓐ. They are mainly discussed as methods of vaccination.
ⓑ. They include opioids, cannabinoids, and coca alkaloids.
ⓒ. They are limited only to substances formed inside the body.
ⓓ. They are all harmless if obtained from plants.
Correct Answer: They include opioids, cannabinoids, and coca alkaloids.
Explanation: The major abused categories are opioids, cannabinoids, and coca alkaloids. These are grouped because they are important substance-abuse classes with major effects on the nervous system and behaviour. Natural origin does not make them harmless, and they are not connected with vaccination. Classification of these groups helps in understanding specific drugs.
