301. Which of the following is NOT included among the broad causes of infertility mentioned in the chapter?
ⓐ. Congenital factors
ⓑ. Immunological factors
ⓒ. Psychological factors
ⓓ. Seasonal factors
Correct Answer: Seasonal factors
Explanation: The chapter lists physical, congenital, disease-related, drug-related, immunological, and psychological causes of infertility. Seasonal change is not included in that textbook classification. This question tests whether the student remembers the broad cause categories rather than inventing extra ones. The listed causes show that infertility can arise from many different sources.
302. Which type of factor is directly mentioned as a possible cause of infertility in the chapter?
ⓐ. Political factor
ⓑ. Drug-related factor
ⓒ. Linguistic factor
ⓓ. Geographic factor
Correct Answer: Drug-related factor
Explanation: Drug-related causes are specifically included in the broad list of infertility causes. This reminds students that infertility is not limited to anatomical defects alone. Medical history, disease, and treatment-related factors may also contribute. The chapter therefore presents infertility as a multi-causal condition.
303. A couple has normal cohabitation without contraceptive use, but conception does not occur because of an immune-related problem. This situation best fits
ⓐ. infertility due to immunological cause
ⓑ. infertility due to social stigma only
ⓒ. pregnancy failure due to fetal abnormality only
ⓓ. an STI that is always completely curable
Correct Answer: infertility due to immunological cause
Explanation: Immunological causes are explicitly included among the broad causes of infertility in the chapter. This means infertility is not restricted to structural or hormonal issues alone. A couple may fail to conceive because of immune-related factors even when cohabitation is unprotected. The example therefore fits textbook infertility clearly.
304. Which statement best reflects the chapter’s view of infertility causation?
ⓐ. Only congenital factors are responsible.
ⓑ. Only infections or disease are responsible.
ⓒ. Only psychological stress explains infertility.
ⓓ. Infertility may result from physical, congenital, disease-related, drug-related, immunological, or psychological factors.
Correct Answer: Infertility may result from physical, congenital, disease-related, drug-related, immunological, or psychological factors.
Explanation: Infertility can have several different causes, so it cannot be reduced to one factor alone. Proper diagnosis often requires looking at physical, disease-related, drug-related, immunological, congenital, and psychological causes together.
305. Which statement about the social dimension of infertility is correct?
ⓐ. The female partner is always the cause of infertility.
ⓑ. The male partner is never evaluated in infertility cases.
ⓒ. The female is often blamed socially, though the problem may lie in the male partner.
ⓓ. Infertility is treated only as a moral issue and not a medical one.
Correct Answer: The female is often blamed socially, though the problem may lie in the male partner.
Explanation: The chapter specifically corrects the social misconception that infertility is always due to the female partner. It notes that in many settings the woman is blamed unfairly even though the problem may be in the male partner. This makes infertility both a medical and a social issue. Proper understanding helps reduce stigma and blame.
306. A family blames only the woman for childlessness without any medical evaluation. Which response best matches the chapter?
ⓐ. The blame is justified because infertility is usually female in origin.
ⓑ. The conclusion is premature because infertility may also arise from the male partner.
ⓒ. The issue is unrelated to reproductive health.
ⓓ. The problem should be ignored unless symptoms become severe.
Correct Answer: The conclusion is premature because infertility may also arise from the male partner.
Explanation: The chapter warns against socially blaming the woman without proper diagnosis. Infertility is a couple-related issue, and the male partner may also be responsible. This is why medical evaluation is necessary before reaching conclusions. Social assumptions alone are not reliable in reproductive-health matters.
307. Which facility is specifically associated with diagnosis and corrective treatment of infertility?
ⓐ. Infertility clinics and specialised health-care units
ⓑ. Post-natal vaccination camps
ⓒ. Prenatal sex-determination centres
ⓓ. Population census offices
Correct Answer: Infertility clinics and specialised health-care units
Explanation: The chapter mentions infertility clinics and specialised health-care units as important centres for diagnosis and corrective treatment. These centres help identify the actual cause rather than relying on guesswork or social blame. Their role is both diagnostic and therapeutic. This makes them central to infertility management.
308. Why are specialised infertility clinics important?
ⓐ. They replace the need for any medical examination.
ⓑ. They are used mainly for population stabilisation programmes.
ⓒ. They help diagnose the cause of infertility and provide corrective treatment.
ⓓ. They are meant only for legal adoption procedures.
Correct Answer: They help diagnose the cause of infertility and provide corrective treatment.
Explanation: Infertility has many possible causes, so accurate diagnosis is essential before treatment. Specialised clinics are equipped to identify the underlying reason and guide corrective measures. The chapter includes them for exactly this role. They are not merely social institutions or family-planning centres.
309. Which of the following best distinguishes infertility from voluntary child spacing?
ⓐ. Both mean the same thing in reproductive health.
ⓑ. Infertility involves inability to conceive, whereas child spacing involves intentional delay of pregnancy.
ⓒ. Infertility occurs only after childbirth, whereas child spacing occurs before marriage.
ⓓ. Infertility is always due to contraceptive failure.
Correct Answer: Infertility involves inability to conceive, whereas child spacing involves intentional delay of pregnancy.
Explanation: Infertility is an involuntary inability to produce children despite unprotected cohabitation. Child spacing, in contrast, is a deliberate reproductive choice made with contraception or planning. The two ideas therefore differ in both intention and biological outcome. Confusing them would mix a medical problem with a voluntary decision.
310. A couple has tried to conceive for a long time without using contraception and now seeks expert evaluation. Which statement is most appropriate?
ⓐ. Their problem should be treated only as social pressure.
ⓑ. Infertility is impossible if cohabitation occurs regularly.
ⓒ. Their condition rules out psychological causes automatically.
ⓓ. They should be evaluated at a specialised infertility clinic because infertility can have multiple causes.
Correct Answer: They should be evaluated at a specialised infertility clinic because infertility can have multiple causes.
Explanation: The chapter emphasizes that infertility may result from several kinds of causes, including physical, disease-related, immunological, and psychological factors. Because of this, expert evaluation is necessary. Specialised infertility clinics help identify the actual cause and suggest corrective treatment. Seeking such help is the appropriate response rather than relying on assumptions.
311. Which statement best reflects the chapter’s view of infertility as a reproductive-health issue?
ⓐ. It is always a temporary delay in pregnancy after marriage.
ⓑ. It is only a social problem and not a medical one.
ⓒ. It concerns the couple and may require medical diagnosis and treatment.
ⓓ. It is always caused by lack of awareness about contraception.
Correct Answer: It concerns the couple and may require medical diagnosis and treatment.
Explanation: Infertility is presented as a couple-related reproductive-health problem rather than as a matter of blame or social opinion. The chapter emphasizes that many different causes may be involved. Because of this, proper diagnosis is important before treatment is planned. Medical evaluation helps replace assumptions with evidence.
312. Which of the following is most clearly a myth about infertility?
ⓐ. It is always due to the female partner.
ⓑ. It may arise from psychological causes in some cases.
ⓒ. It may require specialised diagnosis.
ⓓ. It can involve disease-related causes.
Correct Answer: It is always due to the female partner.
Explanation: The chapter explicitly corrects the social tendency to blame only the woman for infertility. It states that the problem may also lie in the male partner. Infertility can arise from several categories of causes, so one-sided blame is medically unsound. This makes the statement a myth rather than a fact.
313. A couple is unable to have children despite unprotected cohabitation, but the condition cannot be corrected by ordinary treatment. Which broad approach is discussed next in the chapter for such cases?
ⓐ. Population stabilisation through delayed marriage
ⓑ. Routine contraceptive counselling
ⓒ. Prenatal sex determination
ⓓ. Assisted reproductive technologies
Correct Answer: Assisted reproductive technologies
Explanation: When infertility cannot be corrected by simpler medical means, the chapter introduces assisted reproductive technologies, or ART. These methods help couples achieve conception or pregnancy through specialised procedures. ART is therefore presented as an important option in otherwise difficult infertility cases. It belongs to infertility management, not contraception or population control.
314. ART in reproductive health stands for
ⓐ. Assisted reproductive technology
ⓑ. Artificial reproductive transfer
ⓒ. Advanced recovery treatment
ⓓ. Applied reproductive therapy
Correct Answer: Assisted reproductive technology
Explanation: ART is the collective term used for specialised methods that help infertile couples achieve conception or pregnancy. The chapter includes techniques such as IVF-ET, ZIFT, IUT, GIFT, ICSI, AI, and IUI under this heading. These methods are used when ordinary corrective treatment is not sufficient. So ART is the umbrella term for assisted infertility management.
315. Which statement correctly defines IVF in the chapter?
ⓐ. Fertilisation occurs outside the body under simulated conditions.
ⓑ. Fertilisation occurs naturally in the fallopian tube after hormone injection.
ⓒ. Fertilisation is prevented in the uterus by a copper device.
ⓓ. Fertilisation occurs only after embryo transfer into the uterus.
Correct Answer: Fertilisation occurs outside the body under simulated conditions.
Explanation: IVF stands for in vitro fertilisation, where fertilisation is carried out outside the body under laboratory conditions. This is one of the central assisted reproductive techniques discussed in the chapter. After fertilisation, the developing embryo is transferred to the female reproductive tract. The method is therefore distinct from normal in vivo fertilisation.
316. The term “test tube baby” is most closely associated with
ⓐ. artificial insemination only
ⓑ. IVF followed by embryo transfer
ⓒ. tubectomy followed by reversal
ⓓ. lactational amenorrhea after childbirth
Correct Answer: IVF followed by embryo transfer
Explanation: The “test tube baby” programme refers to fertilisation outside the body and later transfer of the embryo into the female reproductive tract. This is the basis of IVF-ET. The term does not mean that the baby develops in a test tube for the whole pregnancy. It highlights the laboratory stage of fertilisation before embryo transfer.
317. Which sequence correctly represents the basic IVF-ET process?
ⓐ. Embryo transfer into uterus, then fertilisation in the body
ⓑ. Ovulation is permanently stopped, then donor sperm is injected
ⓒ. Fertilisation occurs in the body, then contraception is withdrawn
ⓓ. Gametes are collected, fertilised in the laboratory, and the embryo is transferred
Correct Answer: Gametes are collected, fertilised in the laboratory, and the embryo is transferred
Explanation: IVF-ET begins with obtaining the male and female gametes, followed by fertilisation under laboratory conditions. The embryo formed is then transferred into the female reproductive tract. This sequence is fundamental to the ART section of the chapter. It distinguishes IVF from methods where fertilisation occurs naturally inside the body.
318. Why is the expression “test tube baby” not literally accurate?
ⓐ. Because the baby develops in the uterus after embryo transfer, while only fertilisation occurs outside the body
ⓑ. Because fertilisation in IVF always occurs naturally in the fallopian tube
ⓒ. Because only the sperm is handled in the laboratory and the ovum is never involved
ⓓ. Because embryo transfer is not part of the IVF programme
Correct Answer: Because the baby develops in the uterus after embryo transfer, while only fertilisation occurs outside the body
Explanation: In the IVF-ET programme, fertilisation takes place outside the body under laboratory conditions. The embryo formed is then transferred into the female reproductive tract, where development continues normally. So the phrase “test tube baby” refers only to the laboratory stage of fertilisation, not to complete development of the baby in a test tube. The term is therefore convenient, but not literally exact.
319. In ZIFT, what is transferred into the fallopian tube?
ⓐ. A zygote or early embryo up to 8 blastomeres
ⓑ. An embryo with more than 8 blastomeres
ⓒ. A mature fetus after implantation
ⓓ. A contraceptive hormone capsule
Correct Answer: A zygote or early embryo up to 8 blastomeres
Explanation: ZIFT stands for zygote intra fallopian transfer. The chapter states that a zygote or early embryo up to 8 blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube in this method. The blastomere count is important because it helps distinguish ZIFT from IUT. This is one of the most commonly tested differences in ART.
320. In IUT, the transferred embryo is
ⓐ. a sperm cell introduced into the vagina
ⓑ. an embryo with more than 8 blastomeres placed into the uterus
ⓒ. a zygote transferred into the fallopian tube
ⓓ. an unfertilised ovum placed into the cervix
Correct Answer: an embryo with more than 8 blastomeres placed into the uterus
Explanation: IUT stands for intra uterine transfer. In this method, an embryo that has developed beyond 8 blastomeres is transferred into the uterus. This contrasts with ZIFT, where the earlier embryo is transferred into the fallopian tube. So both embryo stage and transfer site help identify IUT.
