Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The formation of sedimentary rocks occurs through the accumulation and compaction of deposited layers of sand and silt subjected to significant overburden pressures over extended geological timeframes.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Igneous rocks form through the solidification of a molten mass of silicates either below or at the surface of the earth, as a result of the cooling and hardening of magma or lava.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Metamorphic rocks are formed through the alteration of texture or mineral composition or both of pre-existing igneous or sedimentary rocks, typically due to the influence of high temperature and pressure over time.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: When molten magma reaches the surface of the earth and solidifies, it leads to the formation of basalts and traps, which are types of igneous rocks.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: The solidification of molten magma within the earth’s crust results in the formation of granite and pegmatite, both of which are types of igneous rocks.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Metamorphism can lead to the transformation of various rock types, such as granite changing into gneiss, sandstone changing into quartzite, and limestone changing into marble.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Tripoli is a type of sedimentary rock, typically composed of highly siliceous materials such as diatomaceous earth or opal.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Pumice is a type of igneous rock characterized by its frothy and lightweight nature, created from the rapid cooling of lava rich in gas content.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Pumice is a type of rock commonly used as a lightweight aggregate due to its porous and lightweight nature, making it suitable for various construction and horticultural applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Sandstone is a type of sedimentary rock formed from the consolidation of sand and held together by natural cement, often composed of quartz or feldspar.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Sandstone primarily consists of grains of quartz, along with varying proportions of other minerals like lime and silica, which contribute to its characteristic composition and texture.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Limestone is a type of sedimentary rock primarily composed of calcium carbonate, formed from the accumulation of marine organism remains, such as coral or shells, over millions of years.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Slate stone is a type of metamorphic rock that forms from the recrystallization of shale or mudstone, typically under low-grade metamorphic conditions, resulting in its characteristic foliated structure.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring material, making it the hardest rock among the options provided.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Marble is primarily composed of calcium carbonate (lime) and may also contain varying amounts of other minerals like silica, which contribute to its distinctive veined appearance and texture.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Granites are a type of silicious rock, composed mainly of feldspar, quartz, and mica, and are widely used as building and decorative stones due to their durability and aesthetic appeal.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Calcite is a mineral composed of calcium carbonate, often found in sedimentary rocks, limestone, and metamorphic rocks like marble.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Elastomers are elastic polymers that can extend up to ten times their original dimensions, making them highly flexible and ideal for various applications requiring elasticity and resilience.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Gravel is a type of sedimentary rock formed from the accumulation of small, rounded fragments of various minerals and rocks, commonly used in construction and landscaping for its durability and drainage properties.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Basalt (TBE-GPI) is an extrusive igneous rock, formed from the rapid cooling of lava on the earth’s surface, typically characterized by its fine-grained texture and dark coloration.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral and a widely used material in construction. It is a type of sedimentary rock.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Conglomerate is a type of sedimentary rock characterized by rounded gravel and pebble-sized clasts cemented together in a matrix.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Suitable aggregate is commonly obtained from igneous rock due to its durability and strength, making it an ideal material for construction and road-building purposes.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: The decrease in the use of stones as building material is attributed to the preference for steel and reinforced concrete (R.C.C.) due to their reduced bulkiness, increased durability, and the challenges associated with the rational analysis of stone strength. Moreover, the convenient availability of stones in plains can be limited, further contributing to the shift away from stone-based construction.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Argillaceous rocks primarily consist of clay as their principal constituent, giving them their characteristic properties and appearance.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: The physical classification of rocks divides them into three main categories: stratified, unstratified, and foliated, based on their respective structural characteristics and formations.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: The chemical classification of rocks categorizes them into calcareous, argillaceous, and siliceous types, based on their chemical composition and primary constituents.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The geological classification of rocks classifies them into three main types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic, based on their respective formation processes and geological origins.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Rocks often contain various minerals such as quartz, feldspar, and mica, which contribute to their composition and physical properties.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Slate is a metamorphic rock that originates from the transformation of shale under low-grade metamorphic conditions, resulting in its characteristic fine-grained, foliated structure.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: A rock that exhibits a tendency to split in a definite direction is known as a foliated rock, characterized by its distinct layering and cleavage planes.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Quarry sap refers to the moisture content found in freshly quarried stone before it is seasoned or dried. This moisture can impact the stone’s characteristics and properties.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Brard’s test is conducted to assess the frost resistance of a stone, which is essential information for evaluating its suitability for outdoor applications, particularly in regions with significant temperature fluctuations.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Mica primarily consists of potassium and aluminum silicate, contributing to its characteristic sheet-like structure and various industrial applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Siliceous rocks are those in which silica serves as the predominant mineral component, influencing their physical and chemical properties.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Calcareous rocks are those primarily composed of calcium carbonate, which is derived from marine organisms and sedimentation processes over time.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Kaolin, commonly known as china clay, is an argillaceous rock that is rich in kaolinite, a clay mineral used in various industrial applications, including ceramics, paper, and cosmetics.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Trap is an igneous rock often used in construction, known for its durability and strength, making it suitable for various building and road construction purposes.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Marble typically has a minimum hardness number of around 3 on the Mohs scale, which measures the relative hardness of minerals, making it relatively softer compared to other stones like granite or quartzite.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Granite primarily consists of a combination of quartz and feldspar, which contributes to its characteristic speckled appearance and durability, making it a popular choice for countertops and building facades.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Common sand is primarily composed of quartz, a hard, durable mineral commonly found in the Earth’s crust and used in various construction and industrial applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Shingle refers to small, rounded stones often found on beaches or in riverbeds and is typically made up of decomposed laterite material.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Cleavage refers to the tendency of minerals to split along specific planes, producing smooth, flat surfaces, and is a significant characteristic used to identify and classify minerals.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Granite exhibits a high hardness coefficient, making it exceptionally durable and suitable for various construction applications, including countertops and flooring.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Silica does not display good cleavage, as it tends to fracture rather than split along specific planes due to its rigid and amorphous structure.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: A high-quality stone should ideally absorb water at a rate less than 5%, ensuring its durability and resistance to weathering and moisture-related damage.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Talc is the softest rock among the options provided, known for its characteristic greasy or soapy feel and its widespread use in various industrial applications, including cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Stones with water absorption exceeding 10% are typically rejected as they may be prone to damage from freezing, thawing, or other weather-related effects, leading to potential structural issues in construction applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Good quality building stones should ideally not contain any soluble salts, as their presence can lead to deterioration and structural damage over time, compromising the integrity of the construction.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Building stones can be dressed very easily soon after quarrying, as they are softer and more malleable at this stage, allowing for smoother cutting and shaping processes during construction and masonry work.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Dressing of stone refers to the process of preparing the stone surface to achieve uniformity and desired shape and size, essential for various construction and masonry purposes.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Quarrying is the process of extracting stones of different sizes and shapes from natural rock formations, essential for sourcing raw materials for construction and architectural purposes.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Jumper and crowbar are commonly used tools in the quarrying of stones, aiding in the extraction and splitting of large rocks into smaller, manageable pieces for various construction and building projects.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Gunpowder is not typically used for blasting rocks underwater, as it may not be as effective as other explosives due to its specific properties and limitations in aquatic environments.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Marble can be found in the Bagmati region, known for its extensive deposits of high-quality marble used in various construction and decorative applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: In stone masonry, stones are often positioned so that their natural bedding planes are perpendicular to the direction of pressure they carry, ensuring maximum stability and load-bearing capacity within the structure.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: When molten magma intrudes into preexisting rock layers within the Earth’s crust and cools and solidifies, it forms an intrusive rock, also known as a plutonic rock, characterized by its crystalline structure and slow cooling process.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Pegmatite is a coarse-grained, intrusive igneous rock known for its large crystal sizes, typically found in dikes and veins within other rocks, often containing valuable minerals and gemstones.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Limestone is a sedimentary rock formed from the accumulation of marine life remains and is categorized as an aqueous, stratified, and sedimentary rock due to its origin and distinct layered structure.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Laterite is an example of an agrillaceous rock, rich in iron and aluminum, commonly found in tropical regions, often used as a building material due to its durability and availability in certain geographical areas.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Both slate and marble belong to the category of metamorphic rocks, characterized by their formation through the transformation of preexisting rock types under intense heat and pressure, resulting in distinct changes in their mineralogy and texture.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Sandstone belongs to the category of sedimentary rocks, formed from the accumulation and cementation of sand grains over time, often used in construction and architectural projects due to its durability and versatility.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: In arch construction, stratified stones are typically positioned so that their planes are radial, allowing for optimal load distribution and stability within the arch structure.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Stones used for carving ornamental and architectural features should ideally be soft, allowing for intricate and detailed carving work to create decorative and aesthetically pleasing designs.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Heavy stones are more suitable for gravity retaining walls, providing the necessary stability and resistance to earth pressure, ensuring the structural integrity and durability of the wall over time.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Basalt and trap granite are commonly used for railway ballast due to their durability, resistance to wear and tear, and ability to withstand the dynamic loads and impacts associated with railway transportation.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Statuary marble used for sculpting work is primarily white, known for its smooth texture, fine grain, and ability to retain intricate details and designs, making it a popular choice for sculptures and artistic creations.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Granite is commonly used for bridge piers and columns due to its high strength, durability, and resistance to weathering and erosion, ensuring the structural integrity and longevity of the bridge.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: The crushing strength of a stone is influenced by its texture and specific gravity, determining its ability to withstand compressive forces without undergoing deformation or structural failure.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Most building stones should ideally have a crushing strength of more than 1000 kg/cm² to ensure their suitability for construction purposes and to withstand the applied loads and pressures.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The specific gravity for most ordinary building stones typically ranges between 2.4 to 3.0, indicating their density and relative heaviness compared to water, which is essential for assessing their structural suitability and durability.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Granite, although durable and fire-resistant, is not always considered suitable for ordinary building purposes due to its higher cost compared to other building materials, making it less economically viable for common construction projects.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The attrition test on stone is performed to determine the rate of wear, evaluating the stone’s resistance to abrasion and its ability to withstand deterioration over time, especially in high-traffic areas and harsh environmental conditions.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: A good building stone should possess various attributes, including good appearance and color, resistance to fire, as well as sufficient hardness and toughness, ensuring its suitability for construction purposes and longevity.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Sandstone typically exhibits a granular texture, characterized by the presence of individual sand grains cemented together, resulting in a coarse, rough texture often used in various construction and decorative applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Asbestos has a fibrous fracture, resulting from its unique mineral structure composed of thin, elongated fibers, making it suitable for various industrial applications due to its strength, heat resistance, and insulating properties.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Among the options provided, granite exhibits the highest compressive strength, making it a popular choice for various construction and structural applications due to its ability to withstand substantial loads and pressures without deformation.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Plutonic rocks are formed due to the slow cooling of magma at significant depths beneath the Earth’s surface, resulting in the formation of large crystals and a coarse-grained texture, distinguishing them from volcanic rocks.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Among the options provided, gneiss generally exhibits the highest crushing strength, making it suitable for various construction applications requiring materials with high load-bearing capacity and durability.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Among the options provided, laterite generally exhibits the lowest crushing strength, making it less suitable for applications requiring materials with high load-bearing capacity and structural integrity.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Marble powder is not typically used in the process of quarrying, unlike the other options listed, which are commonly employed for various tasks related to the extraction, fragmentation, and processing of stones and minerals in the quarrying industry.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Quartzite is classified as a metamorphic rock, formed from the metamorphosis of sandstone under high pressure and heat, resulting in the recrystallization of its mineral structure and the formation of a durable and resistant rock material.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Basalt is categorized as an extrusive igneous rock, formed from the rapid cooling of lava on the Earth’s surface, resulting in its fine-grained texture and characteristic dark color, commonly found in volcanic regions.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Granite can exhibit various colors, including brown, green, and grey or pink, depending on the specific mineral composition and impurities present in its structure, contributing to its aesthetic diversity and versatility in architectural and design applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Compact sandstone generally exhibits better fire-resisting characteristics compared to the other options listed, due to its dense and closely packed structure, providing enhanced resistance to heat and fire-related damage in various construction and masonry applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Quartzite is known for its exceptional weather-resisting properties, making it highly durable and resistant to environmental factors such as weathering, erosion, and chemical deterioration, contributing to its widespread use in various construction and architectural projects.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Quartz is the primary constituent responsible for the strength and durability of granite, contributing to its high compressive strength, abrasion resistance, and overall robustness, making it a popular choice for various construction and structural applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: A spalling hammer is commonly used for the rough dressing of stones, facilitating the process of shaping and refining the surface of stones to achieve the desired texture, shape, and appearance, essential for various construction and masonry applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: A jumper is a specialized tool used in the quarrying of stones, aiding in the extraction and splitting of large rocks and boulders from natural rock formations, essential for sourcing raw materials for construction and masonry purposes.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The compressive strength of stone is typically determined through a crushing test, evaluating the stone’s ability to withstand compressive forces without undergoing deformation or structural failure, essential for assessing its suitability for various construction and architectural applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: The Smith test is conducted on stones to assess their resistance to soluble and clayey water, evaluating their durability and stability when exposed to various types of water, ensuring their suitability for construction in different environmental conditions and locations.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Terrazzo is an artificial stone made from pieces of marble and cement, commonly used for floor facing of walls and various decorative applications, known for its durability and aesthetic appeal in architectural and interior design projects.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: A heavy stone is most suitable for retaining walls, providing the necessary stability and resistance to earth pressure, ensuring the structural integrity and longevity of the wall over time, particularly in challenging environmental conditions and terrain.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Limestone is indeed a sedimentary rock, typically formed from the accumulation of organic remains and sediments over time, reflecting its specific origin and geological characteristics in the context of rock classification.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: A stone suitable for rubble masonry should ideally be hard, ensuring its ability to withstand external forces and environmental factors without undergoing damage or deterioration, contributing to the stability and longevity of the masonry structure.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The weight test is an important assessment conducted on stones used in docks and harbors to evaluate their density and mass, ensuring their stability and resistance to the dynamic and harsh marine environment, essential for the durability and longevity of the structures.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Clay is a good fire-resistant material known for its ability to withstand high temperatures and heat exposure without undergoing significant damage or structural compromise, making it a suitable choice for various fireproof applications in construction and manufacturing.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: During the production of cement, raw materials are typically mixed in a ball mill, allowing for the grinding and blending of various components to form a homogeneous mixture and achieve the desired chemical composition and physical properties required for cement manufacturing.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: The main constituent of cement, in descending order, typically includes lime, silica, alumina, iron oxide, and magnesia, each playing a crucial role in the chemical composition and overall properties of the final cement product used in various construction and building applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The loss of ignition in cement should ideally not exceed 4%, reflecting the permissible limit of weight loss during the ignition process, indicating the presence of volatile compounds and organic materials that may impact the quality and performance of the final cement product.
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