Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The internal size of the mould used in brick preparation is typically larger than the size of the fully burnt brick, allowing for the appropriate shrinkage and expansion of the brick material during the firing process, ensuring the desired dimensions and quality of the final product.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The nominal size of a modular brick is typically greater than the actual brick size, accounting for the necessary joint thickness and ensuring accurate measurements and specifications in construction activities.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: If fine sand or ash is sprinkled on the inner surface of the mould during the brick-making process, the resulting bricks are known as sand moulded, indicating the method used for shaping and preparing the bricks before firing.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: A pug mill is primarily used for the preparation of clay, ensuring the proper mixing and homogenization of clay with other additives or materials to achieve the desired consistency and properties required for the brick-making process.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: One of the advantages of clamp burning compared to kiln burning is that it involves less initial cost, making it a cost-effective option for brick production, particularly for smaller-scale operations or projects with limited budget constraints.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The over ground continuous kiln is commonly referred to as Hoffman’s kiln, representing a type of continuous kiln used for the firing and production of bricks on a large scale, providing an efficient and continuous operation for brick manufacturing.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The kiln that can work regularly throughout the year is referred to as Hoffman’s kiln, known for its continuous and consistent operation, making it suitable for large-scale brick production and meeting the demand for bricks in various construction projects.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: The shape of Hoffman’s continuous kiln is generally circular, enabling the efficient and uniform distribution of heat during the brick firing process, ensuring consistent quality and structural integrity in the produced bricks.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Fire bricks should be laid in fire clay mortar, providing the necessary adhesion and support for the bricks, ensuring their proper arrangement and stability in high-temperature applications or environments where heat resistance is essential.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Fire bricks are primarily used to decrease heat flow, serving as effective insulating materials that can withstand high temperatures while minimizing heat transfer, making them suitable for various industrial and construction applications where thermal resistance is required.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Fire clay consists of hydrated aluminium silicate, which is a key component responsible for the heat-resistant and refractory properties exhibited by fire clay, making it suitable for various high-temperature applications such as in the production of fire bricks and other ceramic materials.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Frog refers to the depression on the top face of a brick, which is designed to facilitate the proper adhesion of mortar during bricklaying, ensuring secure and stable placement within the masonry structure.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Porcelain is commonly used as sanitary wares, including products such as sinks, toilets, and other bathroom fixtures, owing to its durability, water resistance, and aesthetic appeal, making it an ideal material for sanitary applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: The function of the frog in a brick includes forming a key during laying, reducing the weight of the brick, and sometimes serving as a means of advertising the manufacturer, depending on the design and branding preferences adopted by the brick-making company.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: In brick masonry, the frog of the brick is typically kept on the top face, ensuring that the mortar fills the depression in the brick and providing enhanced bonding and stability within the masonry structure.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: In brick laying, the tool used for lifting and spreading mortar and for forming joints is a trowel, which is a flat-bladed tool with a handle, essential for the precise application and shaping of mortar during bricklaying tasks.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Bull nose bricks are typically not used in arches, as their rounded shape and design are more suited for applications such as walls and the rounding off of sharp corners, providing a smooth and decorative finish in various construction projects.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Hollow bricks are commonly used for thermal insulation purposes, providing effective heat regulation and energy efficiency in buildings, making them an ideal choice for construction projects that require optimal temperature control and energy conservation measures.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The broken portion of a brick is referred to as a bat, which can be reused or repurposed for various construction tasks, serving as a cost-effective and sustainable solution for minimizing material waste in construction projects.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Terracotta is commonly used in building for ornamental work, contributing to the aesthetic appeal and artistic expression in architectural designs, particularly in the creation of decorative facades, sculptures, and other artistic elements in buildings.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Bloating of bricks is primarily due to the presence of excess carbonaceous matter and sulphur, leading to the formation of gases during the firing process, resulting in the expansion and bloating of the bricks, which can compromise their structural integrity and quality.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Swelling of bricks is known as bloating, which refers to the expansion and distortion of the bricks caused by the presence of excess carbonaceous matter and sulphur, leading to the formation of gases that result in the bloating effect.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The quantity of sand in bricks is approximately about 3/5th of the brick’s volume, contributing to the overall composition and properties of the bricks, including their density, strength, and durability in various construction applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Bricks are properly soaked in water before use to avoid the chances of absorption of water from the mortar, ensuring that the bricks do not absorb excessive moisture from the mortar, which can potentially compromise the strength and stability of the masonry structure.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: In one day, the height of brick masonry construction should generally not exceed 3m, ensuring that the construction process proceeds at a manageable pace, allowing for proper curing and bonding of the mortar between the bricks, thereby maintaining the structural integrity and stability of the building under construction.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: For the manufacture of bricks, the topsoil is typically removed to a depth of 20cm, ensuring the extraction of suitable clay material for the brick-making process, enabling the production of high-quality and durable bricks that meet the required standards and specifications in construction activities.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Tampering of soil for the manufacture of bricks can be done using various methods, including feet, pug mill, or the feet of cattle, ensuring the proper mixing and preparation of the clay material, achieving the desired consistency and properties required for the production of high-quality bricks.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: In the case of a clamp for the burning of bricks, the bricks/fuel are typically laid at a slope of 15°, facilitating the efficient and uniform firing of the bricks, ensuring the proper distribution of heat and combustion throughout the clamp, resulting in well-burnt and durable bricks.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Normally, the bricks (1st class) obtained from pazawah are about 60%, reflecting the quality and standard of the bricks produced through the traditional clamp burning process, which is commonly used for the firing and production of bricks in various construction projects.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The top and sides of a clamp (pazawah) are plastered with mud and cow dung to prevent the escape of heat, ensuring that the heat generated during the firing process remains within the clamp, allowing for the effective and uniform firing of the bricks, while also minimizing energy loss and ensuring efficient fuel consumption.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Lamination of bricks occurs due to the presence of entrapped air in the voids of the clay, leading to the formation of layers or laminations within the bricks, which can weaken their structural integrity and compromise their quality and durability in various construction applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Strike is used to remove the surplus clay of the mould during the brick-making process, ensuring the proper shaping and formation of the bricks, resulting in uniform and well-defined dimensions and surfaces that meet the required standards and specifications in construction activities.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Refractory bricks can be classified into various types, including neutral refractory bricks, acid refractory bricks, and basic refractory bricks, each designed to withstand specific temperature ranges and chemical environments, making them suitable for use in various high-temperature applications such as furnace linings and combustion chambers.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Chromite bricks belong to the category of neutral refractory bricks, known for their excellent heat resistance and durability in high-temperature environments, making them suitable for use in various industrial applications that involve exposure to extreme heat and chemical conditions.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Bauxite bricks belong to the category of basic refractory bricks, characterized by their high alumina content and excellent resistance to alkaline substances, making them suitable for use in applications involving exposure to high temperatures and strong chemical reactions, such as in the construction of furnaces and kilns.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: The types of bricks used for the lining of the furnace/combustion chamber are refractory bricks, specifically designed to withstand high temperatures and harsh chemical environments, ensuring the efficient and reliable operation of furnaces and combustion chambers in various industrial processes.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Refractory bricks are specially manufactured to withstand high temperatures, making them suitable for use in applications involving extreme heat exposure, such as in the construction of furnace linings, kilns, and other high-temperature industrial processes, ensuring their durability and long-term performance under challenging operating conditions.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Second-class bricks are characterized by their ability to produce a metallic sound when struck, indicating their relatively lower quality and strength compared to first-class bricks, often used in non-structural and non-load-bearing applications in construction projects, where their strength requirements are less stringent.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Wooden molds for brick-making are generally made from shisham wood, known for its durability, water resistance, and resistance to fungal attacks, making it suitable for use in the construction of durable and long-lasting wooden molds used in the brick-making process.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: In the case of refractory bricks, the percentage of alumina is typically increased, ensuring their enhanced heat resistance and chemical stability, making them suitable for use in high-temperature environments and industrial applications that involve exposure to extreme heat and harsh chemical conditions.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: A pug mill is used for tempering brick earth, ensuring the proper mixing and conditioning of the clay material, achieving the desired consistency and properties required for the production of high-quality bricks in various construction projects, ensuring their strength and durability.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: If rainwater falls on hot bricks, resulting in the deformation of the brick’s shape, the defect is known as chuffs, highlighting the susceptibility of bricks to deformation and structural damage when exposed to sudden changes in temperature and moisture conditions during the production and curing processes.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The discoloration and formation of white deposits on the surface of bricks due to the presence of a relatively large proportion of soluble salts is known as efflorescence, representing a common issue that can affect the appearance and structural integrity of bricks, requiring appropriate preventive measures and treatment during the production and curing processes.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Dolomite bricks are classified as basic refractory bricks, known for their excellent resistance to alkaline substances and high temperatures, making them suitable for use in various industrial applications involving exposure to harsh chemical environments and extreme heat, ensuring their durability and long-term performance in challenging operating conditions.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Jhamb bricks are typically overburnt, characterized by their dark brown color and distorted shape resulting from excessive exposure to high temperatures during the firing process, indicating the importance of controlling the firing process to ensure the uniform and consistent quality of the bricks produced in various construction activities.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Bricks are popular as a construction material due to their affordability, local availability, durability, relatively good strength, and lighter weight compared to stones, along with their excellent insulating properties against heat and sound, making them suitable for use in various construction applications and architectural designs.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The most widely used kiln in Nepal is the bull’s trench kiln, known for its efficiency and cost-effectiveness in firing bricks, enabling the production of high-quality and durable bricks that meet the required standards and specifications in various construction projects and infrastructure developments.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The size of the bull’s trench kiln is typically elliptical, allowing for the efficient and uniform firing of bricks, ensuring the effective distribution of heat and combustion throughout the kiln, resulting in well-burnt and durable bricks that meet the quality and performance standards required in construction activities.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The standard size of the brick as per the Indian standard is 19×9×9 cm, providing the required dimensions and specifications for the production of high-quality bricks that meet the standard size requirements in various construction projects and infrastructure developments.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: All burnt bricks are soaked in water for at least 4 hours before use with cement mortars, ensuring their proper hydration and saturation, enabling the effective bonding and adherence of the mortar to the bricks during the construction process, resulting in strong and durable masonry structures that meet the required strength and stability standards in various construction activities.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: For the production of good quality tiles, the soil should ideally contain a maximum percentage of fine sand content of around 40%, ensuring the appropriate composition and consistency required for the manufacturing process, resulting in high-quality and durable tiles suitable for various construction and design applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The maximum percentage of clay content suitable for the production of good tiles is approximately 30%, ensuring the proper plasticity and workability of the soil material during the tile manufacturing process, leading to the production of high-quality and well-structured tiles with the desired strength and durability properties.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The maximum percentage of silt content suitable for the production of good tiles is approximately 30%, ensuring the appropriate texture and composition of the soil material, facilitating the effective shaping and formation of high-quality and well-structured tiles that meet the required standards and specifications in various construction and design applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: The maximum percentage of warping along the sides of tiles is generally around 2%, ensuring the proper dimensional stability and uniformity of the tiles during the manufacturing and curing processes, preventing any significant deformations or distortions that could compromise their structural integrity and quality in various construction and design applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Finely powdered burnt clay is known as surkhi, commonly used as a supplementary material in cement mortar and concrete mixtures, contributing to the improved workability, strength, and durability of the construction materials in various building and infrastructure projects, ensuring their reliable and long-term performance.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: A brick is a block of loamy material, typically composed of clay, sand, and other organic materials, subjected to high-temperature firing processes, resulting in the formation of durable and well-structured building blocks used in various construction activities and architectural designs, ensuring their strength and stability in different structural applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Efflorescence in brick occurs due to an excess of alkalis, resulting in the formation of white or grayish salt deposits on the surface of the bricks, indicating the presence of soluble salts, which can affect the appearance and structural integrity of the bricks, requiring appropriate preventive measures during the manufacturing and curing processes.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Zinc white is a material generally not used as an extender in paints, often used as a pigment and additive in various industrial applications, including rubber manufacturing and ceramics production, providing essential properties such as opacity and corrosion resistance, ensuring the durability and performance of the materials in specific applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The ingredient that gives the desired color to a paint is called the pigment, responsible for imparting the specific color, shade, and tone to the paint, ensuring its aesthetic appeal and visual attractiveness in various decorative and architectural applications, reflecting different design preferences and styles.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The paints with white lead base are suitable for the painting of woodwork, providing excellent protection and surface finish to wooden structures and surfaces, ensuring their enhanced durability, weather resistance, and aesthetic appeal in various interior and exterior applications, including furniture and architectural elements.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: The function of the base of an oil paint is to form the body of the paint, providing the necessary consistency, viscosity, and adhesion required for the effective application and coverage of the paint on various surfaces, ensuring its smooth and uniform appearance and texture in different painting and coating applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The vehicle used in the case of enamel paints is linseed oil, known for its excellent binding and drying properties, ensuring the proper adhesion and cohesion of the paint film to the painted surface, resulting in a smooth, glossy, and durable finish that enhances the appearance and protection of the painted objects and structures.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: The main component of oil paint includes the carrier, thinner, and pigment, contributing to the overall composition and performance of the paint, ensuring its proper application, adhesion, color, and durability in various painting and coating applications, including artistic works, decorative finishes, and protective coatings.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: The pigment in paints gives color to the paint, ensuring its specific hue, shade, and tone, contributing to the aesthetic appeal and visual attractiveness of the painted surface, reflecting different design preferences and styles, and allowing for various decorative and creative expressions in artistic and architectural applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The commonly used drying oil for oil paints is linseed oil, known for its effective drying and binding properties, ensuring the proper adhesion and cohesion of the paint film to the painted surface, resulting in a smooth, uniform, and durable finish that enhances the appearance and protection of the painted objects and structures.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Extenders used in paints are for easy spreading of the paint, facilitating the uniform and consistent application of the paint on various surfaces, ensuring its smooth and seamless coverage, providing enhanced workability, and improving the overall painting experience in different decorative and protective coating applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The commonly used thinner in oil paints is turpentine, known for its excellent solvent properties and compatibility with oil-based paints, enabling the effective dilution and dispersion of the paint pigments, ensuring their proper application and adhesion to different surfaces, including canvas, wood, and metal.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: The commonly used thinner in distempers is water, facilitating the proper dilution and application of the distemper paint on various porous and absorbent surfaces, including plastered walls and ceilings, ensuring its effective adhesion and coverage, and providing a smooth and uniform finish in different interior and exterior applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The base material for distemper is chalk, known for its excellent binding and adhesion properties, ensuring the effective formulation and application of the distemper paint on various interior surfaces, including walls and ceilings, providing a smooth, matte finish that enhances the aesthetic appeal and visual comfort of the living spaces.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Distemper is used on plastered surfaces not exposed to weather, providing a smooth, matte finish and an elegant appearance to the interior walls and ceilings, ensuring their enhanced visual appeal and aesthetic charm in various residential and commercial spaces, including homes, offices, and public buildings.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Turpentine oil is commonly used in paints as a thinner, helping to reduce the viscosity and thickness of the paint, facilitating its smooth application and coverage on various surfaces, ensuring the uniform and consistent spread of the paint and enhancing its adhesion and durability in different painting and coating applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The defect in painting over a smooth and glossy surface due to which paint does not stick to the surface is known as blistering, characterized by the formation of blister-like bubbles or bumps on the painted surface, indicating poor adhesion and bonding between the paint film and the underlying substrate, requiring proper surface preparation and priming to prevent such issues.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Asbestos paint is highly resistant to fire, known for its exceptional fire-retardant properties and heat insulation capabilities, making it suitable for various fireproofing applications, including the protection and coating of structural elements and surfaces in buildings, factories, and industrial facilities, ensuring their enhanced safety and durability in fire-prone environments.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The oily liquid in which the base and pigment are dissolved to form a paint is called the vehicle, serving as the medium for the effective dispersion and suspension of the pigment particles, ensuring their proper mixing and integration into the paint, contributing to the overall consistency, stability, and performance of the paint in different coating applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: The base in a paint has the following functions: it forms the body of the paint, reducing the shrinkage cracks, and reinforcing the films of the paint after it has dried, preventing the penetration of paint to lower surfaces, contributing to the overall stability, adhesion, and durability of the paint film in various painting and coating applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: The cracks in the painted surface extending throughout the thickness of the paint are caused due to various factors, including improper seasoning of the painted wood, excessive use of drier, and the application of too many coats of paint resulting in excessive thickness, leading to the formation of cracks and deformations that can compromise the appearance and integrity of the painted surface.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: The small areas on the painted surface enclosed by hairline cracks are called crazing, indicating the presence of fine cracks or fissures that do not extend through the entire paint film, resulting from the differential expansion and contraction of the paint layers due to temperature variations and environmental changes, requiring proper surface preparation and maintenance to prevent further deterioration and damage.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Lacquer paints are generally applied on structural steel, known for their enhanced durability and protective properties, consisting of resin and nitro-cellulose that contribute to the formation of a hard and glossy finish on the painted surface, ensuring its resistance to corrosion, abrasion, and chemical exposure in various industrial and architectural applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Lacquer is a spirit varnish, commonly used as a protective coating and finish for various wooden surfaces and materials, providing a glossy and durable surface that enhances the natural beauty and grain of the wood, ensuring its long-term protection and aesthetic appeal in different furniture and decorative applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The solvent used in cement paints is water, serving as a medium for the effective mixing and dispersion of the cement and pigment particles, ensuring their proper integration and adhesion to the painted surface, providing a durable and weather-resistant finish that enhances the appearance and protection of various masonry and concrete structures.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The best primer used for structural steelwork is red lead, known for its exceptional anti-corrosive properties and adhesion capabilities, providing an effective base and protective coating for the steel surfaces, preventing rust and oxidation and ensuring their long-term durability and performance in various industrial and construction applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The commonly used cement in making cement paints is white cement, known for its high-quality and fine-textured composition, providing a smooth and uniform finish to the painted surfaces, ensuring their enhanced durability and weather resistance in various interior and exterior applications, including masonry, stucco, and architectural finishes.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The paint used for automobiles is typically oil paint, known for its excellent adhesion, coverage, and weather resistance, providing a durable and protective coating that enhances the appearance and performance of the automotive surfaces, ensuring their long-term protection and aesthetic appeal in different vehicle applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Duco is the trade name for cellulose paint, commonly used as a high-quality and durable finish for various automotive and industrial applications, providing a smooth, glossy, and long-lasting coating that enhances the appearance and protection of the painted surfaces, ensuring their resistance to abrasion, chemicals, and weather exposure.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: The paint which gives illumination during the night is called fluorescent paint, known for its unique light-emitting properties and radiant colors that glow in the dark, providing enhanced visibility and safety in various decorative, commercial, and industrial applications, including signage, safety markings, and artistic displays.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: The function of paint is to give a clean, colorful, and pleasing surface, increase the life of the painted surface, and protect the surface from corrosion and other weather effects, ensuring its long-term durability and aesthetic appeal in various architectural, industrial, and decorative applications, including buildings, structures, and manufactured goods.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The painting work is generally specified by the area of the painted surface, indicating the total surface area to be covered with paint, helping to estimate the quantity of paint required, the duration of the painting job, and the overall cost of the project, ensuring accurate planning and execution of the painting work in different construction and maintenance applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The paints used in aircraft are typically cellulose paints, known for their lightweight, durable, and high-gloss finish that enhances the aerodynamic performance and visual appeal of the aircraft surfaces, providing excellent protection against corrosion, abrasion, and weather exposure in different aviation and aerospace applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The defect in painting caused due to the sliding of one layer of paint over another layer is known as alligatoring, characterized by the formation of cracked and wrinkled patterns resembling the scales of an alligator, resulting from the improper application, adhesion, or drying of the paint layers, requiring proper surface preparation and recoating to prevent further issues.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: The main constituent of varnish is resin, known for its excellent adhesive and protective properties, providing a durable and glossy finish that enhances the appearance and durability of the wooden surfaces, ensuring their resistance to moisture, heat, and abrasion in different furniture, flooring, and interior applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Varnish is essentially made of both resin and solvent. Resin provides the film-forming properties and protective qualities, while the solvent is used to dissolve the resin and make it applicable as a liquid coating.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: French polish is made by dissolving the resin in spirit (usually alcohol), and it is commonly used as a finish for wooden surfaces, providing a glossy and durable coating.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Snowcem paint is a type of cement paint, used for painting masonry and concrete surfaces, particularly in exterior applications to provide protection against weathering and enhance the appearance.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Red lead is a pigment commonly used in paints for its corrosion-resistant properties. It provides protection against rust and corrosion when applied to metal surfaces.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: The pigment commonly used in the manufacture of cement is iron oxide. Iron oxide pigments are added to cement to give it color and are used in the production of colored concrete.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: PVC (Pigment Volume Concentration) in paint controls various properties, including gloss, cohesion, adhesion, durability, and washability. It represents the volume of pigment in relation to the total volume of the paint.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: PVC stands for “Pigment Volume Concentration.” It is a parameter in paints that represents the volume of pigment in relation to the total volume of the paint.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: A muller is a tool used in paint preparation and is concerned with grinding or mulling the base and pigment to achieve a uniform and consistent paint mixture. It plays a role in grinding and blending the components for proper paint consistency.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: To give a brilliant finish, spirit varnish is typically used. Spirit varnishes are known for their high-gloss and transparent finishes.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Oil varnish is often considered the most durable varnish. It provides a strong and protective finish, making it suitable for various applications requiring long-lasting protection.
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