Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Red lead can be used as a pigment, base, and drier in paint formulations. It has pigment properties and provides corrosion resistance to the base while acting as a drier to help the paint cure.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: A prime coat for steelwork can be an oxide of iron paint, a mixture of linseed oil and red lead, or an oxide paint in general. The prime coat helps protect the steel surface and promotes adhesion for subsequent coats.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Stucco paints are suitable for stone masonry. They are used to protect and enhance the appearance of masonry surfaces.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Radiators of vehicles are often painted with a type of paint suitable for metal surfaces. Plastic paint, which can withstand the high temperatures radiators experience, is commonly used for this purpose.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Inert fillers or adulterants are used in paint to achieve both an increase in volume and a reduction in the cost of the paint. These fillers help extend the paint and reduce its overall expense.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Oil varnish generally consists of resin, oil, and turpentine. The resin provides the film-forming properties, the oil contributes to its durability, and turpentine is used as the solvent to make it applicable as a liquid coating.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The essential constituent of varnish paint is resin. The resin provides the film-forming and protective properties of the varnish.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: For doors on the exterior wall of a building, enamel paint is often recommended. Enamel paint provides a durable and weather-resistant finish suitable for exterior applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The type of paint whose main constituent is white or colored cement and is used to protect plastered surfaces, brickwork, and masonry in damp places is called cement paint. It is known for its protective and decorative properties in damp environments.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Bronze paint typically has a high reflective property, making it suitable for applications requiring a shiny and reflective surface. It is often used for decorative and protective purposes.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Distemper is generally used on walls for decorative purposes. It is a type of paint or coating applied to plastered surfaces to provide a smooth and colored finish.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: In paints, the pigment is primarily responsible for providing color. It gives the paint its characteristic hue. Durability and other properties are influenced by various components of the paint.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Emulsion paints contain polyvinyl acetate as a key component. Emulsion paints are water-based paints that use polyvinyl acetate as a binder to hold the pigment and provide adhesion to surfaces.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The liquid part of the paint is called the “vehicle.” It is responsible for carrying the pigment and other components, allowing them to be applied as a liquid coating.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Anti-corrosive paint is often black in color. It is used to protect metal surfaces from corrosion and provides a durable, protective coating.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Teak is not an endogenous tree. Endogenous trees are typically characterized by having their vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem, unlike exogenous trees like teak.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Coconut does not belong to exogenous trees. Exogenous trees have growth rings due to the development of new layers of wood, while coconut trees do not exhibit this characteristic growth pattern.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: The solution of salts from the soil absorbed by trees, which becomes a viscous solution due to the loss of moisture and action of carbon dioxide, is known as sap. Sap contains nutrients and minerals absorbed by the roots.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The inner part of the timber log, known as heartwood, is the portion that is no longer living but has become saturated with natural resins and other substances. It is distinct from the outer sapwood.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The age of a tree can be judged by counting the annual rings in a cross-section of the tree trunk. Each ring represents one year of growth.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The layer between the bark of the tree and the sapwood, which is not yet converted into wood and contains actively dividing cells, is called the cambium layer. It is responsible for the growth of new wood.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Deodar is not a hardwood; it is a type of softwood. Hardwood trees have broad leaves, while softwood trees typically have needle-like or scale-like leaves.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Shisham is not a softwood; it is a hardwood. It is a deciduous tree known for its hardwood timber.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: When timber is attacked by a specific type of fungus (Serpula lacrymans) and reduced to a dry, powdery state, it is referred to as “dry rot.” Dry rot is a common issue that affects the structural integrity of timber.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The curved swellings from the growth of layers or wounds left after branches are cut off in an irregular manner are known as “burls.” Burls can have unique and often attractive grain patterns, making them valuable for certain woodworking purposes.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The defects in wood due to hardening are not specifically described as knots, rind galls, or burls. The term “hardening” is used to refer to the process of wood becoming harder and more dense as it ages.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: The defects caused by the shrinkage of timber include crook, cup and bow, and twist. These defects can compromise the structural integrity and aesthetic appeal of the wood.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Shisham timber is known for its maximum resistance against white rots, making it a highly durable and sought-after wood for various applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Dry rot can cause timber to deteriorate and reduce to a powdery state. It is a severe form of decay caused by certain types of fungi that thrive in moist environments.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Knots in timber are the signs of branches that have been cut off from the tree trunk. They are circular or oval-shaped marks on the wood caused by the presence of dormant buds or living branches in the tree’s growth.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Teak wood has maximum resistance to white ants and is often used in regions where termite infestation is a concern.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Creosote oil is used to preserve wood from rot, white ants (termites), and other decay-causing organisms. It is commonly used as a wood preservative.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Timber can be made reasonably fire-resistant by soaking it in ammonium sulfate. This process is known as ammonium sulfate treatment and imparts fire resistance to the wood.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The main purpose of seasoning is to remove the moisture from the timber at a uniform rate. Seasoning helps reduce the moisture content of the wood, making it suitable for various applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Seasoning of timber has various benefits, including making the timber light, strong, and stable, preventing warping, cracking, and shrinkage, and making the wood resistant to decay by fungi, termites, and electricity.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Seasoning of timber is essential to remove the sap from the timber, reducing its moisture content to a suitable level for various applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Seasoning of timber is done to decrease the moisture content of the wood. It is done to reduce the moisture to an appropriate level for improved stability, strength, and resistance to decay.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: The artificial seasoning of timber involves various methods to remove moisture from the wood, improving its properties such as strength, stability, and resistance to decay.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: The seasoning of timber is done to reduce the moisture content of the wood. It involves drying the timber under controlled conditions to achieve the desired moisture level.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Seasoning of timber is done to achieve multiple objectives, including reducing the weight of timber, reducing the chances of shrinkage, and increasing the strength and durability of the wood.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: The statement “kiln-seasoned timber is stronger than naturally seasoned timber” is not correct. Kiln seasoning does not necessarily make timber stronger than naturally seasoned timber. It primarily reduces moisture content and provides other benefits but doesn’t affect the inherent strength of the wood.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: In a well-seasoned timber, the moisture content is typically in the range of 10-12%. Seasoning reduces the moisture content to this level to ensure stability and durability.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Impregnating of timber is done to increase the fire resistance of the wood. It involves treating the wood with fire-resistant chemicals to make it less susceptible to fire.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: A freshly felled tree may contain water (moisture) in its tissues, which can be as high as 100% of the wood’s dry weight.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: The most economical method of sawing wood is flat sawing. This method maximizes the yield of usable lumber from the log and is commonly used in various woodworking operations.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: A thin sheet of wood sliced from a log of wood is known as veneer. Veneers are commonly used in various woodworking applications and for decorative purposes.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Veneering refers to the process of gluing a thin layer of superior wood to an inferior wood surface. This is done to improve the appearance, durability, or other properties of the wood.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: In the manufacture of plywood, the veneers are placed such that the grains of one layer are at right angles with the grains of the other. This configuration adds strength and stability to the plywood.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Plywood is identified by its thickness. The thickness of plywood can vary depending on the intended application and specific requirements of the project.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Plywood is obtained by gluing wooden sheets together at specific pressure and temperature specifications. This process ensures that the layers are firmly bonded, resulting in a strong and durable plywood sheet.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Plywood is generally available in various thicknesses, with the range typically being around 3 to 4 mm.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: A piece of sawn timber whose cross-sectional dimensions exceed 5 cm in one direction and 20 cm in the other direction is called a “bauk.”
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: A piece of timber whose thickness and width are respectively 5 cm and 10 cm is called a “strip.”
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: The strength of timber is maximum along the direction parallel to the grain. Timber is typically stronger and more resistant to stress when force is applied in this direction.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The defects in the growth of timber are known as “shakes” and “checks.” Shakes refer to defects caused by the separation of wood fibers, while checks are cracks that develop in the timber.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The trunk of the tree left after cutting all the branches is known as a “log.”
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Various chemicals are used in preserving timber, including ZnCl2, HgCl2, coaltar, and creosote oil. These chemicals help protect the wood from decay, pests, and other forms of damage.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Shisham is one of the trees that yield hard wood. It is known for its strength, durability, and resistance to decay, making it suitable for various applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Chir and deodar are examples of trees that yield softwood. Softwood is typically less dense and less durable than hardwood, making it suitable for various applications such as construction and furniture.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: According to IS399-1963, the weight of the timber is specified at 12% moisture content. This standard ensures uniformity in the measurement of timber weight for various applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Plywood is primarily made from teakwood, although other types of wood may also be used depending on the specific requirements of the plywood manufacturing process.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Sports goods are often made from mulberry wood due to its strength, flexibility, and other desirable properties that make it suitable for various sporting equipment.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Teakwood is highly suitable for making furniture due to its durability, resistance to decay, and aesthetic appeal. It is commonly used in the production of high-quality furniture.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Rosewood is commonly used for decorative woodwork due to its attractive appearance, rich color, and fine grain, making it ideal for creating aesthetically pleasing and high-quality decorative pieces.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The unit weight of sal is approximately 800 kg/m^3. This density measurement is important for various applications where the weight and strength of the wood are essential considerations.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Bamboo is often used for scaffolding due to its lightweight, strength, and ease of availability. Its natural properties make it a suitable material for various construction and temporary support structures.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: First-class timber typically has a longer lifespan, often exceeding 10 years. This type of timber is characterized by its high quality, durability, and resistance to decay and other forms of damage.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: The timber whose thickness is less than 5 cm and width exceeds 12 cm is called a “board.” Boards are often used for various applications that require thinner pieces of wood.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The cracks that extend from the bark towards the sapwood in the cross-section of a tree are known as “star shakes.” These cracks can affect the structural integrity of the wood and may lead to further damage if not addressed.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The process of adding water to lime to convert it into hydrated lime is known as “slaking.” This process is essential in various applications where hydrated lime is needed for its chemical properties and reactivity.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Quick lime is slow in setting, rapid in slaking, and it generates heat when water is added to it. These properties are characteristic of quick lime and are essential to understand for its proper handling and use in various applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Lime is primarily obtained from limestone, which is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate. Limestone is a commonly used raw material for the production of lime and various other materials.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Quick lime is chemically known as calcium oxide (CaO). It is a white, alkaline, crystalline solid that is obtained by heating limestone or seashells. Quick lime has various industrial and construction applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The main constituent that is mainly responsible for hydraulicity, particularly in the context of lime, is clay. Clay is known for its ability to impart hydraulic properties to lime, making it suitable for various applications where hydraulic lime is required.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The lime suitable for making mortar is hydraulic lime. Hydraulic lime has the property of setting and hardening under water, making it suitable for use in various construction applications, including mortar preparation.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The lime suitable for use underwater is hydraulic lime. This type of lime possesses hydraulic properties, enabling it to set and harden even when submerged in water. It is commonly used in construction projects that involve water exposure.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Lime having high calcium oxide content, which can set and become hard only in the presence of CO2 from the atmosphere, is known as fat lime. It is commonly used for various construction and industrial applications where its unique properties are required.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Sand is mixed with lime mortar to achieve multiple purposes, including aiding the pure lime to set by allowing the penetration of air, reducing the overall cost of the mortar by increasing the volume, and preventing shrinkage during the setting process.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: The advantage of adding pozzolana to lime is that it imparts greater strength to the lime mixture. Pozzolana is a finely divided material that, when mixed with lime, enhances the overall strength and performance of the resulting mortar or concrete.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Fat lime may be converted into artificial hydraulic lime by the addition of clay in the required proportion. This process helps impart hydraulic properties to the lime, enabling it to set and harden even under water.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Very strong lime mortar is obtained from hydraulic lime. Hydraulic lime has the property of setting and hardening under water, making it suitable for use in applications that require high strength and durability.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: As compared to fat lime, hydraulic lime sets faster. This property of hydraulic lime is crucial in construction projects where quick setting and hardening are required to ensure timely completion and durability of the structure.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Lime concrete is commonly used in the construction of floors, particularly under the floors. It is known for its durability, strength, and other desirable properties that make it suitable for providing stable and robust foundations.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: The quick lime as it comes from kilns is called lump lime. Lump lime is the raw form of quick lime that is produced through the heating of limestone or seashells in kilns. It is further processed to obtain various lime-based products.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: A dry powder obtained on treating quick lime with just enough water to satisfy its chemical affinity for water under the condition of its hydration is called hydrated lime. Hydrated lime has various industrial and construction applications due to its chemical properties.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: The quality of lime is checked by the ball test. The ball test involves the formation of a ball using a sample of lime, which is then rolled between the palms to assess its plasticity and other properties, indicating the quality of the lime.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: The constituent responsible for the setting of hydraulic lime underwater is clay. Clay imparts hydraulic properties to lime, enabling it to set and harden even when submerged in water, making it suitable for various construction applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: A thin pourable suspension of slaked lime in water is known as milk of lime. Milk of lime is commonly used in various industrial processes, including water treatment and chemical manufacturing, due to its alkaline properties.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Lime suitable for making mortar of good strength is hydraulic lime. Hydraulic lime has properties that make it suitable for various construction applications that require high-strength mortar, providing durability and stability to structures.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: A mortar prepared by mixing wood powder or sawdust to the cement or lime mortar is known as lightweight mortar. Lightweight mortar is used in various construction applications where reduced weight and improved insulation properties are desired.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Quick lime is obtained by heating or burning limestone (calcium carbonate) at high temperatures, which leads to the decomposition of limestone into quick lime (calcium oxide) and carbon dioxide.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: The calcination of pure lime results in quick lime (calcium oxide). Calcination is the process of heating limestone to high temperatures to drive off carbon dioxide, leaving behind quick lime.
Correct Answer: Option ⓑ
Explanation: Plaster of Paris can be obtained from the calcination of gypsum. The process of heating gypsum to a specific temperature results in the production of Plaster of Paris, which is used in various construction and medical applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓒ
Explanation: Silicious and aluminous minerals that can react with lime in the presence of water at normal temperatures to form cementitious compounds are known as pozzolanic materials. These materials contribute to the strength and durability of cementitious products.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: The process of heating limestone to redness in contact with air is termed calcination. During calcination, limestone is heated to high temperatures, leading to the decomposition of calcium carbonate into quick lime (calcium oxide) and carbon dioxide.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: The advantage of adding pozzolana to lime includes reducing shrinkage, increasing resistance to cracking, and imparting greater strength to the resulting mixture. Pozzolanic materials enhance the properties of lime mixtures.
Correct Answer: Option ⓓ
Explanation: Bitumen is used for various applications, including waterproofing, damp proofing, and serving as a joint filler. It is a versatile material known for its water-resistant and adhesive properties.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Asphalt is a mixture of bitumen and inert mineral matter. It is commonly used in road construction and other applications where a durable and flexible paving material is needed.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Plastic asphalt is a mixture of cement and asphalt. It is a type of asphalt concrete mix used in various construction projects, including road paving and other applications.
Correct Answer: Option ⓐ
Explanation: Rubberization temperature is typically around 180°C. This is the temperature range at which rubberized bitumen or asphalt is produced. Rubberized bitumen is used for road construction to improve pavement performance.
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