Correct Answer: Air
Explanation: Air transport is renowned for its unmatched speed and efficiency. Aircraft can cover vast distances in minimal time, making it the fastest mode of transportation. This is particularly advantageous for long-distance travel and time-sensitive deliveries, contributing to the prominence of air transport in modern logistics and passenger services.
Correct Answer: Air
Explanation: Air transport is heavily dependent on visibility, and foggy weather significantly impairs it. Low visibility poses serious safety risks for air travel, as pilots rely on clear visibility for navigation and safe landings. Consequently, air transport is often disrupted or restricted during foggy conditions.
Correct Answer: Water
Explanation: Water transport stands out as one of the most cost-effective modes of transportation, especially for bulk cargo. The ability to transport large quantities of goods in a single journey, coupled with lower fuel consumption per ton-mile, makes water transport economically favorable for transporting goods over long distances.
Correct Answer: Glider
Explanation: The first plane that landed on the old golf course, marking the establishment of what is now Tribhuvan International Airport, was a glider. Gliders are non-powered aircraft designed to glide through the air using natural currents, showcasing the historical significance of this unique landing event.
Correct Answer: Old golf course Gauchar Tribhuvan Tribhuvan international
Explanation: The correct sequence for the first airport in Nepal is Old golf course, Gauchar, Tribhuvan, and finally, Tribhuvan International Airport. This progression reflects the historical development and expansion of aviation infrastructure in Nepal.
Correct Answer: Canada
Explanation: The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is headquartered in Canada. ICAO plays a crucial role in setting international standards and regulations for civil aviation, promoting cooperation among nations to ensure the safety and efficiency of air transport on a global scale.
Correct Answer: 1947
Explanation: The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) was established in 1947 in Montreal, Canada. Its primary purpose is to regulate and coordinate international air travel, fostering a safe and efficient global aviation system.
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation: All the statements are correct. Cruising speed refers to the aircraft’s speed relative to the ground, while airspeed is the speed relative to the air. When flying with a tailwind, airspeed is greater than cruising speed, and with a headwind, it is less.
Correct Answer: 900 m
Explanation: The minimum runway length for a class ‘C’ type airport is 900 meters. Runway length requirements vary based on the airport’s classification, considering factors such as the type of aircraft using the airport and its operational characteristics.
Correct Answer: 2100 m
Explanation: Class ‘A’ type airports, which handle large international aircraft, require a minimum runway length of 2100 meters. This ensures that these airports can accommodate the takeoff and landing requirements of larger and heavier airplanes.
Correct Answer: 600 m
Explanation: Class ‘E’ type airports, typically serving smaller aircraft, have a minimum basic runway length of 600 meters. This allows for the safe operations of smaller planes within the airport’s infrastructure.
Correct Answer: None of the above
Explanation: All the mentioned components—wings, fuselage, and air screw—are applicable to airplanes. These components work together to enable the flight of an aircraft.
Correct Answer: In three-engine airplanes, two engines are placed on both wings, and one engine is placed in the tail
Explanation: The incorrect statement is c). In three-engine airplanes, typically, two engines are placed on the wings, and the third is mounted at the aircraft’s tail. This configuration ensures balance and stability during flight.
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation: The fuselage of an aircraft includes the passengers’ chamber, the pilot’s cabin, and the tail section. It is the central structure that houses passengers, crew, and cargo while providing the framework for the aircraft’s aerodynamic shape.
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation: The fuselage is a critical part of an aircraft designed to accommodate various elements, including fuel storage, cargo holds, passenger cabins, and essential amenities like cafes and bathrooms. It serves as the main body of the aircraft, housing the components necessary for flight and passenger comfort.
Correct Answer: wheeled staircase
Explanation: A ramp in the context of aviation refers to a wheeled staircase used for boarding and disembarking from an aircraft. It allows passengers to move between the terminal and the aircraft efficiently.
Correct Answer: The aircraft which is fitted with a fan in front of the turbo-jet engine is called a turbo-fan propelled aeroplane
Explanation: The correct statement is d). Turbo-fan propelled airplanes have a fan in front of the turbo-jet engine, enhancing efficiency by combining the features of turbo-jet and propeller-driven engines.
Correct Answer: First five English alphabets
Explanation: According to ICAO, runway lengths are coded using the first five English alphabets. This coding system helps standardize runway information globally.
Correct Answer: First seven natural numbers
Explanation: ICAO codes the strength of runway pavements using the first seven natural numbers. This coding system aids in determining the capability of runways to handle different aircraft loads.
Correct Answer: Al
Explanation: The maximum length and pavement strength of the runway are coded as “Al” according to the ICAO classification. This code provides information about the capabilities and limitations of the runway.
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation: All the statements are correct. The minimum turning radius affects apron size, takeoff and landing distances determine minimum runway length, and the length of normal haul influences the frequency of operation.
Correct Answer: Main gears
Explanation: The design thickness of the pavement is primarily influenced by the load carried by the main gears of the aircraft. This ensures that the runway can withstand the weight and impact forces during takeoff and landing.
Correct Answer: Wheel load of aircraft
Explanation: Runway design takes into account the wheel load of aircraft, which includes factors such as the aircraft’s weight and the distribution of this load on the runway. This information ensures the runway can handle the specific aircraft using it.
Correct Answer: 60°
Explanation: The maximum value of the angle of turning for the nose gear of large jet aircraft is typically limited to 60°. This limitation is set to ensure safe ground handling and maneuverability.
Correct Answer: V2 / 25.5d
Explanation: The stopping distance formula for landing aircraft is given by V2 / 25.5d , where V is the speed, t is the reaction time, f is the coefficient of friction, and d is the deceleration.
Correct Answer: Gross total weight of the aircraft / wing area
Explanation: Wing loading is defined as the gross total weight of the aircraft divided by the wing area. It is a critical parameter that influences the aircraft’s performance characteristics.
Correct Answer: Both (a) and (b) of above
Explanation: Both statements (a) and (b) are correct. Landing speed is directly proportional to wing loading, and with wing loading remaining constant, takeoff distance is directly proportional to power loading.
Correct Answer: 850 knots
Explanation: The airspeed of the aircraft is the vector sum of its ground speed and the wind speed. Therefore, it is 775 knots (ground speed) + 75 knots (wind speed) = 850 knots.
Correct Answer: 700 km/h
Explanation: The airspeed is the vector sum of the ground speed and the wind speed. In this case, it is 600 km/h (ground speed) + 100 km/h (wind speed) = 700 km/h.
Correct Answer: Sonic
Explanation: The speed of an aircraft is referred to as sonic when it equals the speed of sound in the surrounding medium. In this case, the speed is known as sonic or transonic, denoted by the term “Mach.”
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation: All the statements are correct. The speed of sound at 0°C is 1190 km/h, and it increases by approximately 2.4 km/h for each degree Celsius rise in temperature. Mach 1 is the speed of sound in the surrounding medium.
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation: To withstand high temperatures, taxiways and aprons are constructed using materials like asphaltic concrete, rubberized tar concrete, or plain concrete. These materials provide durability and resistance to heat-induced stresses.
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation: All the statements are correct. Different pavement materials have specific advantages, such as tar concrete being suitable for fuel spillage, rubberized tar concrete resisting hot blast and spillage, and epoxy asphalt concrete resisting jet fuel while providing elasticity.
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation: Depressions and undulations in the pavement can result from various factors, including improper compaction of the subgrade, the impact of heavy wheel loads, and the punching effect caused by concentrated loads.
Correct Answer: None of the above
Explanation: The incorrect statement is a). Channelization of pavement is not caused by the constant use of tri-cycle gears of the aircraft but is more related to the repetitive movement of aircraft wheels in specific paths.
Correct Answer: Highest point of the landing area
Explanation: Airport elevation is the reduced level above Mean Sea Level (M.S.L.) of the highest point of the landing area. It provides a reference for the height of the airport in relation to sea level.
Correct Answer: 1 in 50
Explanation: The approach surface rises outwards from the end of an instrumental runway with a slope of 1 in 50. This slope helps ensure safe and obstacle-free approaches for landing aircraft.
Correct Answer: 1200 m
Explanation: The width of the approach area decreases with distance. Using the slope ratio of 1 in 50, the width at 3 kilometers would be 150 m – (3 km / 50) = 1200 m.
Correct Answer: 1 in 20
Explanation: The conical surface of the approach area rises outwards with a slope of 1 in 20. This slope ensures a clear and unobstructed approach path for landing aircraft.
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation: All the statements are correct. The center line of the approach area coincides with that of the runway, approach areas are measured in horizontal surfaces, and the imaginary inclined plane is called the approach surface.
Correct Answer: Beaufort scales
Explanation: The strength of winds is measured using Beaufort scales. These scales classify wind speeds based on observed conditions, helping to assess and communicate wind strength.
Correct Answer: 10 m
Explanation: Beaufort scale measures wind velocity at a standard height of 10 meters above ground level (AGL). It provides a standardized way to estimate wind strength.
Correct Answer: 100 m
Explanation: For a class A airport, the difference of reduced levels between the higher and lower edges of the conical surface is 100 meters. This classification helps ensure safe approach and landing conditions.
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation: All the abbreviations are correct. I.L.S stands for Instrument Landing System, L.O.M. for Low Powered Outer Marker, and L.M.M. for Low Powered Middle Marker, all of which are components of aviation navigation systems.
Correct Answer: Glide slope antenna is installed at the center of the runway about 150m on one side
Explanation: The incorrect statement is d). The glide slope antenna is typically installed on the opposite side of the runway from the localizer antenna, not at the center of the runway. The correct installation is along the extended centerline, usually about 300m from the runway threshold.
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation: The runway edge from the landing side is termed the threshold, marking the beginning of the runway. The localizer is a crucial component aiding the pilot by indicating their position concerning the proposed alignment during approach. Additionally, the glide slope provides essential guidance by indicating the correct angle of descent during the landing phase. Therefore, all the statements (a, b, and c) are correct.
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation: The approximate geometric center of the landing area is known as the airport reference point (A.R.P). The boundaries of both the horizontal surface and the conical surface are defined with reference to the A.R.P. Additionally, the A.R.P’s geographical location serves as the representation of the airport on a map. Hence, all the statements (a, b, and c) are accurate.
Correct Answer: Point of intersection of the obstruction clearance line and the extended plane of the runway surface and the other end of the runway
Explanation: The effective length of a runway is determined as the distance between the point of intersection of the obstruction clearance line and the extended plane of the runway surface to the other end of the runway. This accounts for the clear zone required for obstacle clearance during takeoff.
Correct Answer: End of the runway
Explanation: The lift-off distance is the distance along the center of the runway from the starting point to the end of the runway. It represents the distance required for an aircraft to become airborne.
Correct Answer: 1 in 7
Explanation: As per I.C.A.O. standards, the slope of the transitional surface at right angles to the center line of the runway is maintained at 1 in 7. This slope contributes to the safe transition between the horizontal runway surface and the surrounding terrain.
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation: The size and location of an airport are influenced by various factors, including air density, topographic considerations, and reduced level (elevation). All these elements play a crucial role in determining the suitability and design of an airport.
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation: The survey project for a proposed airport encompasses multiple plans, including the master plan, grading plan, and topographic plan. These plans collectively provide comprehensive information for the airport’s design and development.
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation: I.C.A.O. recommends determining the length of an airport based on multiple factors, including sea level elevation, standard sea level temperature (15°C), and effective gradient percentage. All these considerations contribute to ensuring safe and efficient airport operations.
Correct Answer: 7%
Explanation: The increase in runway length per 300 m rise above Mean Sea Level (M.S.L.) is expressed as a percentage, and according to the given options, it is 7%.
Correct Answer: 2304 m
Explanation: The design length of the runway is calculated based on the actual Runway Length (RL) and the increase percentage per 300 m rise above M.S.L. In this case, it results in a design length of 2304 m.
Correct Answer: 2530 m
Explanation: The net designed length of the runway is influenced by the aerodrome reference temperature. In this scenario, with an aerodrome reference temperature of 17°C, the calculated net designed length is 2530 m.
Correct Answer: 15°C
Explanation: The standard mean sea-level temperature is assumed to have a temperature gradient of 6.5°C per 1000 m rise in elevation. This standard gradient is commonly considered as 15°C.
Correct Answer: 614 m
Explanation: The actual length of the runway is calculated based on the Runway Length (RL) and the basic length of the runway. In this case, with an RL of 100 m and a basic length of 600 m, the actual length is determined to be 614 m.
Correct Answer: 650 m
Explanation: The runway length is further influenced by the temperature at the airport site. With a temperature of 20°C, the calculated runway length is 650 m.
Correct Answer: 3420 m
Explanation: The design length of the runway is determined based on the standard length and the actual Runway Length (RL). In this case, with a standard length of 3000 m and an RL of 600 m, the design length is calculated as 3420 m.
Correct Answer: 35%
Explanation: The total correction for elevation and temperature plays a crucial role in determining the final runway length. According to standards, this total correction should not exceed 35%.
Correct Answer: Effective gradient
Explanation: The maximum difference in elevation between the highest and lowest point of the runway, divided by the total length of the runway, is referred to as the effective gradient. It is an important parameter in assessing the overall slope of the runway.
Correct Answer: 0.04%
Explanation: The effective gradient of the runway is calculated based on the difference in elevation and the total length. In this case, the effective gradient is determined to be 0.04%.
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation: The apron serves multiple purposes for aircraft operations. It is used for loading and unloading of passengers and cargo, as well as parking and fueling of aircraft. Therefore, all the options (a, b, and c) are correct.
Correct Answer: None of the above
Explanation: While the apron is indeed used for loading and unloading of passengers, the taxiway is not specifically designed for these purposes. The taxiway is primarily used for the movement of aircraft, not for loading/unloading or maintenance.
Correct Answer: Time taken between departure time (first move) to arrival time (to rest at the end of the flight) of an aircraft
Explanation: Flight time refers to the duration taken by an aircraft from its first move (departure) to its arrival and coming to rest at the end of the flight. It encompasses the entire period of the flight.
Correct Answer: 3 m
Explanation: The height of the pilot’s eye above the runway surface is assumed to be 3 meters. This assumption is crucial for various calculations and considerations in airport design.
Correct Answer: Against the wind direction
Explanation: Runway orientation is typically made so that landing and takeoff are against the prevailing wind direction, providing better aerodynamic performance.
Correct Answer: CBR
Explanation: The strength of runway pavement is expressed as California Bearing Ratio (CBR).
Correct Answer: 0 to 12
Explanation: The Beaufort scale, used for measuring the strength of the wind, is indicated by 13 numerals ranging from 0 to 12.
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation: Two single runways can be arranged in various configurations, including L-shape, T-shape, and X-shape.
Correct Answer: Assembly & Council
Explanation: The ICAO has two governing bodies named the Assembly and the Council.
Correct Answer: Yellow
Explanation: According to ICAO, markings on the runways are painted white, and on the taxiways, they are painted yellow.
Correct Answer: White and black
Explanation: The marking of the taxiway is typically yellow, while on the apron, it may be a combination of white and black.
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation: The wind direction indicator can have various color combinations, including white and black, red and white, or orange and white.
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation: Threshold markings on a runway are crucial visual cues for pilots during takeoff and landing. These markings serve multiple purposes, and the options accurately describe their specifications. The width of threshold markings is 4m, ensuring visibility and alignment for incoming and outgoing aircraft. Additionally, a 1m clear space between adjustments allows for precise and unambiguous visual references. The markings extend over a length of 45m, providing ample guidance for safe operations. In summary, all options (a, b, and c) correctly capture different aspects of threshold markings, emphasizing their importance in ensuring safe and effective aircraft movements.
Correct Answer: Green
Explanation: Night landings require additional visual aids to guide pilots safely onto the runway. In this context, thresholds are equipped with green lights. Green lights illuminate the thresholds during nighttime operations, providing a distinctive and easily recognizable visual cue for pilots. This lighting helps pilots establish the correct approach and landing trajectory, contributing to the overall safety of night landings.
Correct Answer: 29
Explanation: The runway number is determined by the magnetic bearing of the runway’s centerline at the threshold. In this scenario, with a bearing of 290°, the runway number is 29. Understanding runway numbers is crucial for pilots as it aids in identifying and aligning with the correct runway during takeoff, landing, and taxiing. The numbering system is designed to reflect the magnetic orientation of the runway, facilitating precise navigation.
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation: All the provided statements are accurate in the context of aviation and air traffic management. F.I.R. stands for Flight Information Regions, delineating specific airspace areas for effective air traffic control and management. F.I.C. stands for Flight Information Centre, which serves as a central hub for disseminating crucial flight-related information to pilots and other stakeholders. Additionally, the radius of control areas is indeed typically around 160km, further emphasizing the accuracy of all the statements.
Correct Answer: IFR
Explanation: When the visibility of the environment falls below 4 kilometers, pilots are required to adhere to Instrument Flight Rules (IFR). IFR is a set of regulations and procedures that govern flights when pilots have limited visibility or adverse weather conditions. It involves relying on instruments for navigation rather than external visual references. This ensures the safety and precision of flight operations in conditions where visual cues are insufficient.
Correct Answer: Longest line on wind rose diagram
Explanation: The optimal orientation of a runway is determined by analyzing wind patterns, and the ideal direction aligns with the longest line on the wind rose diagram. Wind rose diagrams depict the frequency and strength of winds from different directions over a specific period. Choosing the longest line ensures that the runway is aligned to minimize crosswinds during takeoff and landing, enhancing safety and operational efficiency.
Correct Answer: (6150, 5600)
Explanation: The Aerodrome Reference Point (A.R.P) is calculated as the average of the coordinates of the runway ends. For the given runways with coordinates (5000, 5000) and (8000, 7000), and (4600, 5100) and (7000, 5300), respectively, the A.R.P coordinates are (6150, 5600). The A.R.P serves as a reference point for various aeronautical calculations and is a key element in airport planning and design.
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation: The bearing of the longest line on a wind rose corresponds to the runway number. In this case, a bearing of S 45° E would result in runway numbers 135°, 315°, and 13. Understanding the correlation between wind rose bearings and runway numbers is essential for pilots to align with the prevailing wind direction, optimizing takeoff and landing operations.
Correct Answer: 26
Explanation: The Wind Correction Angle (WCA) is subtracted from the runway heading to determine the true runway number. For the 1st end with a Wind Correction Bearing (WCB) of 80°, the calculated runway number is 26 (180° – 80°). Understanding WCB is vital for pilots as it enables them to make precise adjustments for crosswinds during takeoff and landing.
Correct Answer: 27
Explanation: The runway number is determined by the magnetic bearing of the runway centerline at the threshold. A bearing of 90° corresponds to a runway number of 27. Runway numbers are critical for pilots to identify and align with the correct runway during various phases of flight, ensuring safe and efficient operations.
Correct Answer: 1999
Explanation: The hijacking incident involving the Indian Airlines Flight (IAR) occurred at Tribhuvan International Airport in 1999. This event marked a significant security incident, highlighting the importance of stringent security measures at airports worldwide.
Correct Answer: Solukhumbu
Explanation: Among the listed districts, Solukhumbu has the highest number of airports. Understanding the distribution of airports across different regions is essential for effective air transportation planning and management.
Correct Answer: 1998
Explanation: The Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal (CAAN) was established in 1998. CAAN plays a crucial role in overseeing and regulating civil aviation activities in Nepal, ensuring compliance with international standards and promoting aviation safety.
Correct Answer: 2
Explanation: As of the year 2080, Nepal has two international airports. International airports serve as vital gateways for global connectivity, facilitating international travel and trade.
Correct Answer: 1/2 of the runway width
Explanation: The width of the taxiway is typically designed to be approximately half of the width of the runway. This design consideration ensures that taxiways provide sufficient space for aircraft movements, allowing for safe and efficient navigation on the ground. The proportionate width contributes to overall airport operational efficiency.
Correct Answer: Nijgarh (Bara)
Explanation: Among the options provided, Nijgarh (Bara) is the proposed international airport in Nepal. The development of international airports is crucial for enhancing global connectivity and facilitating international travel and trade.
Correct Answer: Nijgarh
Explanation: The National pride project associated with an airport among the options is Nijgarh. National pride projects typically hold strategic importance for a country and contribute significantly to its development and infrastructure.
Correct Answer: Pushpak viman
Explanation: According to Hindu mythology, Lord Ram returned from Lanka to Ayodhya on a celestial flying chariot called Pushpak viman. This narrative is part of the epic Ramayana.
Correct Answer: Surface course, base course, and sub-base course
Explanation: A flexible pavement for a runway typically consists of multiple layers. The surface course, base course, and sub-base course work together to provide strength, durability, and flexibility to withstand the loads imposed by aircraft.
Correct Answer: Increases
Explanation: As the elevation of the airport increases, the air density decreases. To compensate for this reduction in air density, which affects aircraft performance, the runway length needs to be increased to ensure safe takeoff and landing operations.
Correct Answer: Increases
Explanation: Higher temperatures can affect aircraft performance, especially during takeoff. As temperature increases, air density decreases, impacting lift. To counteract this, longer runways may be required for takeoff in warmer conditions.
Correct Answer: Increases
Explanation: Both elevation and temperature have a direct impact on air density. As elevation and temperature increase, the air density decreases. This reduction in air density affects aircraft performance and requires adjustments, such as longer runways, for safe operations.
Correct Answer: Large
Explanation: Nose hangars are typically designed to accommodate large aircraft. These hangars provide shelter and maintenance facilities for the front (nose) section of large aircraft, allowing for inspection, repairs, and storage.
Correct Answer: Taxiway
Explanation: Holding line markings are provided on taxiways. These markings indicate the point where aircraft should stop and hold before entering a runway. They play a crucial role in preventing runway incursions and ensuring safe runway operations.
Correct Answer: 30°
Explanation: To optimize aircraft performance during takeoff and landing, it is recommended that the center line of the runway aligns with the wind direction. Exceeding a 30° angle between the runway center line and the wind direction may lead to crosswind components that could affect safety and operational efficiency.
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