Class 11 Chemistry — Chapter 14: Environmental Chemistry Online Test

1. Nitric Oxide () plays a catalytic role in the depletion of ozone within the stratosphere, according to the reaction . In this cycle, the then reacts with an oxygen atom () to regenerate the catalyst , completing the cycle. This cycle converts ozone into:

2. Persistent Organic Pollutants () like and are difficult to remove from the environment primarily because they are:

3. The localized phenomenon where acidic particles ( and derivatives) are trapped and concentrated within low-hanging, damp air is referred to as:

4. Green Chemistry is fundamentally defined as the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. Who coined this term and pioneered the concept?

5. The National Green Tribunal () in India was established in 2010 to handle cases related to:

6. The Exhaust Gas Recirculation () system is an emission control technology used to reduce which specific pollutant?

7. For gaseous pollutants, the disposal method that involves passing the gas through a solid material (e.g., activated carbon) to trap the chemical compounds on its large surface area is:

8. Organic load (high and ) and toxic, non-biodegradable synthetic chemicals (e.g., dyes, solvents) are the primary contaminants in the liquid effluent from which industrial sector?

9. Chronic exposure to Cadmium () from contaminated soil and crops can primarily lead to severe damage and dysfunction in which major organ system?

10. Methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome), where the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity is reduced, is a consequence of ingesting contaminated drinking water primarily high in which agricultural pollutant?

11. Organochlorine compounds, such as and Lindane, are highly non-biodegradable and persist in the environment, exhibiting the phenomenon of biomagnification. Which source is the primary origin of these pollutants in aquatic systems?

12. atoms like chlorine and bromine are extremely damaging to ozone because they are:

13. are effective fire extinguishing agents but pose a severe risk to the ozone layer. This class of compounds contains which highly efficient ozone-depleting element in addition to chlorine?

14. What property of allows them to survive the troposphere without being broken down by rain or chemical reactions, enabling them to eventually reach the stratosphere?

15. If the concentration of in the atmosphere is measured at (parts per million) during a smog event, and a sample of of air is collected at , the approximate volume of present is:

16. The major gaseous primary pollutant responsible for the formation of acid rain is:

17. Which characteristic of biodegradable plastics () prevents them from becoming a long-term problem in landfills and the marine environment?

18. Microplastics are fragments of plastic less than in size that are increasingly found in soil. Their primary environmental concern, beyond physical impediment, is their ability to:

19. The increase in radiation due to ozone depletion can weaken the immune system in humans, leading to:

20. A scientist measures the of two rain samples: Sample X has and Sample Y has . By what factor is the hydrogen ion concentration () higher in Sample Y compared to Sample X?

1. The formation of ground-level ozone () in photochemical smog is initiated by the absorption of sunlight by a primary pollutant. The first step involves the photodissociation of:

2. The principle "Catalysis" (Principle 9) suggests that catalytic reagents are superior to stoichiometric reagents. A catalyst is better because it:

3. How does the release of Chlorofluorocarbons () cause the depletion of stratospheric ozone ()?

4. In the context of Green Chemistry, the synthesis of many polymers is moving toward polycondensation (step-growth) reactions in the solid state rather than traditional solution polymerization. This shift is primarily to avoid the massive use of:

5. For gaseous pollutants, the disposal method that involves passing the gas through a solid material (e.g., activated carbon) to trap the chemical compounds on its large surface area is:

6. The key challenge that the development of lignocellulosic biofuels (from agricultural waste like stalks and wood chips) attempts to solve, in alignment with Green Chemistry, is:

7. A method of solid waste disposal that involves the thermal decomposition of organic material at high temperatures (typically to ) in the complete absence of oxygen is known as:

8. Slag, a solid residue formed during the separation of the metal from the original ore in smelting, is classified as which type of industrial waste?

9. Which process is an end-of-pipe treatment method for liquid industrial waste that physically separates solid particles from the water by allowing them to settle out under gravity?

10. Which of the following is the primary gaseous pollutant released from petrol and diesel vehicles that contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone and photochemical smog?

11. Which of the following particulate pollutants is best categorized as a liquid aerosol?

12. Which specific agricultural effect results from the low conditions caused by soil pollution, leading to the dissolution of aluminum from clay minerals?

13. The primary mechanism by which persistent soil pollutants like heavy metals () and organochlorine pesticides negatively impact human health is through:

14. The decomposition of pollutants in Classical Smog, such as the oxidation of to , is highly dependent on which factor in the presence of (particulate matter)?

15. Which Act provides the legal framework for the management, handling, and disposal of hazardous waste in India, controlling waste from generation to final disposal?

16. The most significant way soil pollution contributes to water-borne diseases in the local human population is by:

17. Which atmospheric condition, apart from the presence of and , is absolutely essential for the formation of significant concentrations of photochemical smog?

18. What physical change must occur to a Chlorofluorocarbon () molecule in the stratosphere before it can begin the catalytic destruction of ozone?

19. Principle 10, "Design for Degradation," is applied to a chemical product to ensure it does what after its intended function is complete?

20. The primary function of a three-way catalytic converter in a gasoline engine vehicle is to treat which three main pollutants simultaneously?

21. Which of the following is the primary chemical characteristic of Classical Smog (also known as reducing smog or London Smog)?

22. The Polluter Pays Principle is a fundamental tenet of environmental law that holds:

23. Bioethanol is an alternative fuel produced primarily by the fermentation of sugars derived from crops like corn, sugarcane, or cellulosic biomass. This production method is an application of Green Chemistry that emphasizes the use of:

24. The process by which Sulphur Dioxide () in Classical Smog is converted into the major acid component () involves an intermediate step where is first converted to:

25. Gaseous industrial waste is primarily released through which infrastructure component?

26. Photochemical smog is a mixture of several chemical species. Which compound among the following is a product of the reaction between unburnt hydrocarbons and in the presence of sunlight, making it a key component and a lachrymator (tear gas)?

27. The term Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in the context of smog formation typically refers to:

28. Which characteristic of biodegradable plastics () prevents them from becoming a long-term problem in landfills and the marine environment?

29. When scientists measure the concentration of ozone in the total atmospheric column above a point on Earth, the standard unit used is the:

30. The discharge of untreated wastewater containing toxic heavy metals like Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury into rivers and streams primarily originates from which major source?

1. The single largest anthropogenic (human-caused) source of Nitrous Oxide () emissions, which is both a potent greenhouse gas and an ozone-depleting substance, is:

2. Which of these pollutants, historically used as a pesticide, is the classic example of a compound that undergoes significant biomagnification in both aquatic and terrestrial food chains, leading to detrimental effects on top predators like raptors?

3. Acid rain pollutants can travel hundreds of kilometres from their source before deposition occurs. This is an example of a characteristic environmental issue classified as:

4. The severe neurological disorder known as Minamata disease is a devastating example of toxic water pollution caused by the biomagnification of:

5. The Exhaust Gas Recirculation () system in a vehicle controls emissions by lowering the combustion temperature. Lowering the temperature directly suppresses the formation of which pollutant?

6. Eutrophication is the rapid aging of a lake due to an excessive increase in primary production. This process is triggered mainly by the input of Nitrates () and Phosphates () originating from which cause?

7. Chronic exposure to Cadmium () from contaminated soil and crops can primarily lead to severe damage and dysfunction in which major organ system?

8. In the context of water quality assessment, water is generally considered "clean" and suitable for aquatic life if the concentration of Dissolved Oxygen () is consistently above:

9. In industrial processes, a catalytic converter is most frequently used to eliminate which major class of air pollutants?

10. When scientists measure the concentration of ozone in the total atmospheric column above a point on Earth, the standard unit used is the:

11. The principle "Catalysis" (Principle 9) suggests that catalytic reagents are superior to stoichiometric reagents. A catalyst is better because it:

12. Photochemical smog is a mixture of several chemical species. Which compound among the following is a product of the reaction between unburnt hydrocarbons and in the presence of sunlight, making it a key component and a lachrymator (tear gas)?

13. Which of the following is an effective strategy to reduce the formation of photochemical smog in a heavily polluted urban area?

14. The process by which Sulphur Dioxide () in Classical Smog is converted into the major acid component () involves an intermediate step where is first converted to:

15. Bioethanol is an alternative fuel produced primarily by the fermentation of sugars derived from crops like corn, sugarcane, or cellulosic biomass. This production method is an application of Green Chemistry that emphasizes the use of:

16. The primary source of Sulphur Oxides () emissions globally is the combustion of:

17. The large volume of concentrated saline water known as brine, which is discharged and affects the salinity of coastal waters, is a type of industrial liquid waste generated primarily by:

18. The core principle of waste minimization in industrial operations is best described by which strategy?

19. The formation of the protective stratospheric ozone layer () is primarily initiated by which process?

20. The primary particulate matter component that distinguishes Classical Smog from Photochemical Smog is:

21. Which of the following conditions, unique to the Antarctic stratosphere during winter, is essential for accelerating the massive, seasonal destruction of the ozone layer?

22. A key application of Green Chemistry is the replacement of highly toxic heavy metal catalysts (e.g., Lead or Mercury) with more environmentally benign alternatives, such as:

23. The primary advantage of replacing fossil fuel vehicles with electric vehicles () in terms of air quality control is the elimination of:

24. The removal of Nitric Oxide () from the atmosphere in the smog cycle occurs when it reacts with ozone. The balanced chemical equation for this removal step is:

25. The term "Ozone Hole," often used to describe severe depletion, is defined scientifically as:

26. Which term describes the final, severe consequence of eutrophication, where the decomposition of massive algal blooms leads to the death of fish and other aerobic aquatic life?

27. Which water-borne disease, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, is strongly linked to the consumption of water or food contaminated by raw sewage?

28. The extensive use of insecticides and fungicides can have a profound negative impact on soil fertility primarily by:

29. Which Green Chemistry principle is summarized by the statement: "It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it has been formed"?

30. In the atmosphere, Nitrogen Dioxide () reacts with water and oxygen to form Nitric Acid (), a key acid rain component. The balanced overall equation for this process is:

31. Which element of waste management aligns most closely with the "reduce" principle of waste minimization?

32. The natural process of ozone () formation in the stratosphere is represented by the overall equation:

33. Herbicides (weed killers) are a major source of soil pollution. The primary mode of degradation for most modern organic herbicides in the soil environment is:

34. The long-term presence of certain pesticides in the soil can disrupt the natural biogeochemical cycles, primarily by:

35. Which international convention aims to control the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes and their disposal, particularly from developed to less developed countries?

36. Gaseous industrial waste is primarily released through which infrastructure component?

37. Which class of pesticides is known for its high persistence in the soil, leading to long-term contamination issues and biomagnification risk?

38. The single largest contributor to the human-induced increase in atmospheric Carbon Dioxide () since the industrial revolution is:

39. Which concept emphasizes that it is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it has been formed?

40. Excessive sediment load in rivers, often characterized by suspended clay, silt, and soil particles, is a major non-point source of pollution originating mainly from:

41. The first step in the ozone destruction cycle catalyzed by a chlorine radical () is represented by the equation:

42. A major component of gaseous industrial waste from the cement industry, contributing to both air pollution and greenhouse effects, is:

43. Environmental pollution is defined as the effect of undesirable changes in our surroundings that have harmful effects on plants, animals, and human beings. Which of the following is NOT classified as a major segment of the environment in environmental chemistry?

44. The major gaseous primary pollutant responsible for the formation of acid rain is:

45. Which waste disposal method is considered the preferred choice for hazardous liquid industrial waste as it permanently isolates the waste in deep, porous rock formations?

46. Ocean acidification is a direct consequence of increasing atmospheric . The chemical reaction that causes the ocean's to drop is the reacting with water () to form:

47. Which waste minimization technique focuses on changing the raw materials or process steps to reduce the volume or toxicity of the waste stream at the source?

48. The formation of ground-level ozone () in photochemical smog is initiated by the absorption of sunlight by a primary pollutant. The first step involves the photodissociation of:

49. Which principle of Green Chemistry states that chemical synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product?

50. atoms like chlorine and bromine are extremely damaging to ozone because they are: