Class 11 Chemistry — Chapter 14: Environmental Chemistry Online Test

1. Nitric Oxide () plays a catalytic role in the depletion of ozone within the stratosphere, according to the reaction . In this cycle, the then reacts with an oxygen atom () to regenerate the catalyst , completing the cycle. This cycle converts ozone into:

2. Persistent Organic Pollutants () like and are difficult to remove from the environment primarily because they are:

3. The localized phenomenon where acidic particles ( and derivatives) are trapped and concentrated within low-hanging, damp air is referred to as:

4. Green Chemistry is fundamentally defined as the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. Who coined this term and pioneered the concept?

5. The National Green Tribunal () in India was established in 2010 to handle cases related to:

6. The Exhaust Gas Recirculation () system is an emission control technology used to reduce which specific pollutant?

7. For gaseous pollutants, the disposal method that involves passing the gas through a solid material (e.g., activated carbon) to trap the chemical compounds on its large surface area is:

8. Organic load (high and ) and toxic, non-biodegradable synthetic chemicals (e.g., dyes, solvents) are the primary contaminants in the liquid effluent from which industrial sector?

9. Chronic exposure to Cadmium () from contaminated soil and crops can primarily lead to severe damage and dysfunction in which major organ system?

10. Methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome), where the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity is reduced, is a consequence of ingesting contaminated drinking water primarily high in which agricultural pollutant?

11. Organochlorine compounds, such as and Lindane, are highly non-biodegradable and persist in the environment, exhibiting the phenomenon of biomagnification. Which source is the primary origin of these pollutants in aquatic systems?

12. atoms like chlorine and bromine are extremely damaging to ozone because they are:

13. are effective fire extinguishing agents but pose a severe risk to the ozone layer. This class of compounds contains which highly efficient ozone-depleting element in addition to chlorine?

14. What property of allows them to survive the troposphere without being broken down by rain or chemical reactions, enabling them to eventually reach the stratosphere?

15. If the concentration of in the atmosphere is measured at (parts per million) during a smog event, and a sample of of air is collected at , the approximate volume of present is:

16. The major gaseous primary pollutant responsible for the formation of acid rain is:

17. Which characteristic of biodegradable plastics () prevents them from becoming a long-term problem in landfills and the marine environment?

18. Microplastics are fragments of plastic less than in size that are increasingly found in soil. Their primary environmental concern, beyond physical impediment, is their ability to:

19. The increase in radiation due to ozone depletion can weaken the immune system in humans, leading to:

20. A scientist measures the of two rain samples: Sample X has and Sample Y has . By what factor is the hydrogen ion concentration () higher in Sample Y compared to Sample X?

1. Which natural reservoir is considered the largest sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide ()?

2. Herbicides (weed killers) are a major source of soil pollution. The primary mode of degradation for most modern organic herbicides in the soil environment is:

3. The world's largest natural sink (storage area) for atmospheric is:

4. A cyclone separator (or cyclone collector) is primarily used in industries to remove which type of pollutant from a gaseous stream?

5. The solubility characteristic of many major soil pollutants, such as heavy metals and certain ionic compounds, that makes them non-leaching (i.e., less likely to wash away) is:

6. The Polluter Pays Principle is a fundamental tenet of environmental law that holds:

7. The primary reason why the persistent pesticide is biomagnified in the food chain is due to its characteristic of being:

8. Which element of waste management aligns most closely with the "reduce" principle of waste minimization?

9. Supercritical () is an increasingly used green alternative to organic solvents in processes like dry cleaning and chemical extraction because it:

10. The dense surface growth of algae, known as an algal bloom, affects water quality negatively by doing all of the following EXCEPT:

11. The primary effect of introducing large quantities of biodegradable organic matter (from sewage) into a water body is measured by its:

12. Which of the following is an effective strategy to reduce the formation of photochemical smog in a heavily polluted urban area?

13. The single largest contributor to the human-induced increase in atmospheric Carbon Dioxide () since the industrial revolution is:

14. The ozone destruction process is a chain reaction where a single chlorine radical can destroy many molecules before it is finally removed from the cycle. This makes the reaction:

15. Besides , which other class of compounds primarily found in agricultural emissions and high-altitude aircraft exhaust acts as a precursor for ozone-depleting radicals in the stratosphere?

16. Solvent-free reactions (or solid-state synthesis) directly address which two major principles of Green Chemistry?

17. Thermal oxidation (or Afterburners) is an industrial control method that treats gaseous waste by:

18. Emission standards, such as India's Bharat Stage (BS) norms or Europe's Euro standards, aim primarily to control the quantity of:

19. Which highly specialized and expensive disposal method is mandated for high-level radioactive waste due to its long-term toxicity and extremely long half-life?

20. The Green Chemistry principle "Use of Renewable Feedstocks" most directly encourages the shift from using materials derived from which source?

21. Pollutants are classified based on their formation into primary and secondary pollutants. Which of the following correctly describes a secondary pollutant?

22. A method of solid waste disposal that involves the thermal decomposition of organic material at high temperatures (typically to ) in the complete absence of oxygen is known as:

23. The term Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in the context of smog formation typically refers to:

24. The large volume of concentrated saline water known as brine, which is discharged and affects the salinity of coastal waters, is a type of industrial liquid waste generated primarily by:

25. Which of these pollutants, historically used as a pesticide, is the classic example of a compound that undergoes significant biomagnification in both aquatic and terrestrial food chains, leading to detrimental effects on top predators like raptors?

26. Which of the following wavelength ranges of radiation is known to have the highest energy and is almost entirely absorbed by the stratosphere's oxygen () and ozone ()?

27. Acid rain affects soil quality by causing the leaching (removal) of essential nutrients required for plant growth, most notably:

28. The final step in the formation of Sulphuric Acid () in the atmosphere involves the reaction of Sulphur Trioxide () with water (). Which statement accurately describes the chemical nature of this final product in acid rain?

29. Which waste minimization technique focuses on changing the raw materials or process steps to reduce the volume or toxicity of the waste stream at the source?

30. Which principle of Green Chemistry states that chemical synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product?

1. Acid rain causes severe damage to historical monuments and buildings made of marble (). This decay process is chemically represented by the reaction:

2. A major difference between Classical Smog and Photochemical Smog in terms of the main source of precursors is:

3. The main source of radioactive waste pollution in soil that comes from non-military or non-power plant origins is typically:

4. Ocean acidification is a direct consequence of increasing atmospheric . The chemical reaction that causes the ocean's to drop is the reacting with water () to form:

5. In the Antarctic stratosphere, the presence of Polar Stratospheric Clouds () catalyzes which crucial conversion that sets the stage for the ozone hole formation in spring?

6. Which major component of photochemical smog is responsible for causing the "silvering" or "glazing" (bronzing) of the lower surface of green leaves, severely impacting agriculture?

7. The primary particulate matter component that distinguishes Classical Smog from Photochemical Smog is:

8. The ozone layer acts as a natural shield by absorbing which specific part of the electromagnetic spectrum, thereby protecting living organisms from severe biological damage?

9. Which of the following conditions, unique to the Antarctic stratosphere during winter, is essential for accelerating the massive, seasonal destruction of the ozone layer?

10. Minamata disease is a neurological syndrome caused by severe poisoning from which heavy metal, often accumulating in fish and shellfish?

11. The term 'Sink' in environmental chemistry refers to:

12. The primary reason why the persistent pesticide is biomagnified in the food chain is due to its characteristic of being:

13. Solvent-free synthesis often leads to much faster reaction rates, better selectivity, and higher yields compared to solution-based reactions. This efficiency gain contributes directly to which Green Chemistry principle?

14. Classical Smog episodes, like the Great Smog of London in 1952, typically occur under which combination of climatic conditions?

15. In addition to skin cancer and cataracts, increased radiation is harmful to polymer materials and paints used in construction and vehicles, causing them to:

16. A visible effect of acid rain on the human environment is the damage caused to historical monuments, statues, and buildings made of marble or limestone. This process is called:

17. Recycling a material back into the production process after it has served its original purpose is categorized as which type of pollution control measure?

18. Which characteristic is generally true for the liquid and gaseous waste generated by the industrial sector compared to municipal waste?

19. Closed-loop recycling for industrial wastewater is a waste minimization technique that achieves:

20. Which debilitating human disease is associated with the consumption of water or food contaminated by Cadmium (), a heavy metal released primarily in industrial effluents?

21. What is the primary environmental benefit of industrial recycling over landfill disposal?

22. () like smoke, dust, and aerosols released from industrial smokestacks is categorized as which type of gaseous pollutant?

23. The complete chemical formula for Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN), a key secondary pollutant in photochemical smog, is:

24. Which of the following particulate pollutants is best categorized as a liquid aerosol?

25. Before disposal, hazardous liquid industrial waste is often stabilized and solidified by mixing it with materials like cement or lime. This pre-disposal method is known as:

26. Acid rain pollutants can travel hundreds of kilometres from their source before deposition occurs. This is an example of a characteristic environmental issue classified as:

27. In a food chain consisting of algae, zooplankton, small fish, and large fish, where would the highest concentration of a fat-soluble, non-biodegradable pollutant like be found due to biomagnification?

28. Which disposal method for gaseous industrial waste involves passing the gas through a liquid (often water or an alkaline solution) to remove pollutants like and ?

29. The Greenhouse Effect occurs when certain atmospheric gases trap heat by:

30. Solvent-free reactions (or solid-state synthesis) directly address which two major principles of Green Chemistry?

31. A major challenge in recycling mixed industrial plastic waste compared to consumer plastic waste is:

32. Which class of pesticides is known for its high persistence in the soil, leading to long-term contamination issues and biomagnification risk?

33. Supercritical () is an increasingly used green alternative to organic solvents in processes like dry cleaning and chemical extraction because it:

34. The process by which Sulphur Dioxide () in Classical Smog is converted into the major acid component () involves an intermediate step where is first converted to:

35. Gaseous industrial waste is primarily released through which infrastructure component?

36. The core principle of waste minimization in industrial operations is best described by which strategy?

37. Principle 10, "Design for Degradation," is applied to a chemical product to ensure it does what after its intended function is complete?

38. The Polluter Pays Principle is a fundamental tenet of environmental law that holds:

39. A major consequence of increased radiation reaching the Earth's surface due to ozone depletion is its effect on marine life. This effect primarily involves damage to:

40. The primary effect of introducing large quantities of biodegradable organic matter (from sewage) into a water body is measured by its:

41. Which industrial air pollution control method for involves injecting an absorbent material (like lime or activated carbon) into the flue gas stream to react with and capture pollutants, followed by removal in a filter?

42. Which waste disposal method is considered the preferred choice for hazardous liquid industrial waste as it permanently isolates the waste in deep, porous rock formations?

43. Which Green Chemistry principle is summarized by the statement: "It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it has been formed"?

44. Bioethanol is an alternative fuel produced primarily by the fermentation of sugars derived from crops like corn, sugarcane, or cellulosic biomass. This production method is an application of Green Chemistry that emphasizes the use of:

45. Which process is an end-of-pipe treatment method for liquid industrial waste that physically separates solid particles from the water by allowing them to settle out under gravity?

46. The depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer occurs primarily due to the catalytic decomposition of ozone () by free radicals released from which class of compounds?

47. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was passed in which year, giving the and authority to issue instructions for preventing or restricting air pollution?

48. Acid rain affects soil quality by causing the leaching (removal) of essential nutrients required for plant growth, most notably:

49. The key challenge presented by plastic waste (e.g., polythene bags) as a soil pollutant is that it:

50. Which among the following gaseous components is NOT generally considered a primary pollutant in the context of photochemical smog formation?