Class 11 Chemistry — Chapter 14: Environmental Chemistry Online Test

1. Nitric Oxide () plays a catalytic role in the depletion of ozone within the stratosphere, according to the reaction . In this cycle, the then reacts with an oxygen atom () to regenerate the catalyst , completing the cycle. This cycle converts ozone into:

2. Persistent Organic Pollutants () like and are difficult to remove from the environment primarily because they are:

3. The localized phenomenon where acidic particles ( and derivatives) are trapped and concentrated within low-hanging, damp air is referred to as:

4. Green Chemistry is fundamentally defined as the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. Who coined this term and pioneered the concept?

5. The National Green Tribunal () in India was established in 2010 to handle cases related to:

6. The Exhaust Gas Recirculation () system is an emission control technology used to reduce which specific pollutant?

7. For gaseous pollutants, the disposal method that involves passing the gas through a solid material (e.g., activated carbon) to trap the chemical compounds on its large surface area is:

8. Organic load (high and ) and toxic, non-biodegradable synthetic chemicals (e.g., dyes, solvents) are the primary contaminants in the liquid effluent from which industrial sector?

9. Chronic exposure to Cadmium () from contaminated soil and crops can primarily lead to severe damage and dysfunction in which major organ system?

10. Methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome), where the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity is reduced, is a consequence of ingesting contaminated drinking water primarily high in which agricultural pollutant?

11. Organochlorine compounds, such as and Lindane, are highly non-biodegradable and persist in the environment, exhibiting the phenomenon of biomagnification. Which source is the primary origin of these pollutants in aquatic systems?

12. atoms like chlorine and bromine are extremely damaging to ozone because they are:

13. are effective fire extinguishing agents but pose a severe risk to the ozone layer. This class of compounds contains which highly efficient ozone-depleting element in addition to chlorine?

14. What property of allows them to survive the troposphere without being broken down by rain or chemical reactions, enabling them to eventually reach the stratosphere?

15. If the concentration of in the atmosphere is measured at (parts per million) during a smog event, and a sample of of air is collected at , the approximate volume of present is:

16. The major gaseous primary pollutant responsible for the formation of acid rain is:

17. Which characteristic of biodegradable plastics () prevents them from becoming a long-term problem in landfills and the marine environment?

18. Microplastics are fragments of plastic less than in size that are increasingly found in soil. Their primary environmental concern, beyond physical impediment, is their ability to:

19. The increase in radiation due to ozone depletion can weaken the immune system in humans, leading to:

20. A scientist measures the of two rain samples: Sample X has and Sample Y has . By what factor is the hydrogen ion concentration () higher in Sample Y compared to Sample X?

1. A method of solid waste disposal that involves the thermal decomposition of organic material at high temperatures (typically to ) in the complete absence of oxygen is known as:

2. Microplastics are fragments of plastic less than in size that are increasingly found in soil. Their primary environmental concern, beyond physical impediment, is their ability to:

3. The accumulation of which highly toxic heavy metal in rice paddies, often originating from mine waste and smelting activities, is responsible for the painful Itai-Itai disease (Ouch-Ouch disease)?

4. The most significant way soil pollution contributes to water-borne diseases in the local human population is by:

5. In the Antarctic stratosphere, the presence of Polar Stratospheric Clouds () catalyzes which crucial conversion that sets the stage for the ozone hole formation in spring?

6. Which natural reservoir is considered the largest sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide ()?

7. The industrial strategy of using the waste product from one manufacturing process as a raw material in a different industrial process (e.g., using fly ash in cement production) is called:

8. The primary environmental concern resulting from the depletion of the protective stratospheric ozone layer is:

9. In a modern sanitary landfill, the primary purpose of the thick, impermeable layer of clay or high-density plastic sheeting at the base is to:

10. Chronic exposure to Cadmium () from contaminated soil and crops can primarily lead to severe damage and dysfunction in which major organ system?

11. The principle "Catalysis" (Principle 9) suggests that catalytic reagents are superior to stoichiometric reagents. A catalyst is better because it:

12. The discharge of untreated wastewater containing toxic heavy metals like Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury into rivers and streams primarily originates from which major source?

13. A major challenge in recycling mixed industrial plastic waste compared to consumer plastic waste is:

14. The large volume of concentrated saline water known as brine, which is discharged and affects the salinity of coastal waters, is a type of industrial liquid waste generated primarily by:

15. In which layer of the atmosphere is the protective Ozone Layer, which shields the Earth from harmful UV radiation, primarily located?

16. Which statement is an inherent goal of Green Chemistry principles?

17. What is the single largest anthropogenic source of Carbon Monoxide () and unburnt hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of metropolitan cities?

18. Which heavy metal impurity, if present in fuel, will permanently poison and render a vehicular catalytic converter useless?

19. What is the fundamental role of the stratosphere's ozone layer () concerning the planet's energy budget?

20. Which international convention aims to control the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes and their disposal, particularly from developed to less developed countries?

21. Which of the following is an effective strategy to reduce the formation of photochemical smog in a heavily polluted urban area?

22. The two primary gaseous pollutants responsible for the formation of acid rain are:

23. The principle "Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries" (Principle 5) advocates for replacing hazardous organic solvents with which greener alternative media whenever possible?

24. The natural process of ozone () formation in the stratosphere is represented by the overall equation:

25. Minamata disease is a neurological syndrome caused by severe poisoning from which heavy metal, often accumulating in fish and shellfish?

26. Besides , which other class of compounds primarily found in agricultural emissions and high-altitude aircraft exhaust acts as a precursor for ozone-depleting radicals in the stratosphere?

27. Before disposal, hazardous liquid industrial waste is often stabilized and solidified by mixing it with materials like cement or lime. This pre-disposal method is known as:

28. The final step in the formation of Sulphuric Acid () in the atmosphere involves the reaction of Sulphur Trioxide () with water (). Which statement accurately describes the chemical nature of this final product in acid rain?

29. Which process is an end-of-pipe treatment method for liquid industrial waste that physically separates solid particles from the water by allowing them to settle out under gravity?

30. Which of the following is an effective strategy for controlling the emission of Sulphur Dioxide () from large industrial sources like coal-fired power plants?

1. According to Green Chemistry, maximizing atom economy means that in a chemical reaction:

2. Thermal oxidation (or Afterburners) is an industrial control method that treats gaseous waste by:

3. Gaseous industrial waste is primarily released through which infrastructure component?

4. Particulate Matter (PM) is classified based on its aerodynamic diameter. Which size category of poses the greatest risk to human health, as it can penetrate deep into the lungs and potentially enter the bloodstream?

5. The overall chemical equation representing the formation of the strong acid () from Nitrogen Dioxide () in the atmosphere is:

6. A key pathway by which radioactive contaminants from industrial or medical sources enter and pollute the soil is through:

7. If the concentration of in the atmosphere is measured at (parts per million) during a smog event, and a sample of of air is collected at , the approximate volume of present is:

8. Which of the following particulate pollutants is best categorized as a liquid aerosol?

9. To combat pollution from automobile exhaust, vehicles are equipped with catalytic converters. These devices primarily work by facilitating what type of chemical reaction on the harmful gaseous emissions?

10. The Polluter Pays Principle is a fundamental tenet of environmental law that holds:

11. The core principle of waste minimization in industrial operations is best described by which strategy?

12. Poly-Lactic Acid () is a common example of a biodegradable plastic. Its biodegradability directly aligns with which Green Chemistry principle?

13. What is the primary focus of Environmental Chemistry?

14. When untreated domestic sewage is discharged into a river, the initial effect on the river's Dissolved Oxygen () concentration is:

15. Which of the following is the primary chemical characteristic of Classical Smog (also known as reducing smog or London Smog)?

16. The natural process of ozone formation in the stratosphere is an equilibrium process known as the Chapman Cycle. The overall effect of this cycle is to convert which form of energy into heat, regulating stratospheric temperature?

17. A cyclone separator (or cyclone collector) is primarily used in industries to remove which type of pollutant from a gaseous stream?

18. The increase in the temperature of a water body, often leading to a reduction in its dissolved oxygen content, known as thermal pollution, is predominantly caused by the discharge of:

19. Which layer of the atmosphere is closest to the Earth's surface, extends up to approximately at the poles, and contains all the air that living organisms breathe?

20. The concept of Sustainable Development was formalized and popularized by which landmark international report?

21. Which principle requires that analytical methodologies should be developed to allow for continuous monitoring and control of a chemical process during synthesis to minimize the formation of hazardous substances?

22. The primary function of a three-way catalytic converter in a gasoline engine vehicle is to treat which three main pollutants simultaneously?

23. The highly toxic compound formed in photochemical smog that acts as a strong eye irritant and respiratory toxin, often summarized by the formula , is:

24. Eutrophication is the rapid aging of a lake due to an excessive increase in primary production. This process is triggered mainly by the input of Nitrates () and Phosphates () originating from which cause?

25. What is the fundamental role of the stratosphere's ozone layer () concerning the planet's energy budget?

26. Chemical Oxygen Demand () is a measurement often used alongside Biochemical Oxygen Demand () in wastewater analysis. The key difference is that measures:

27. Which Act provides the legal framework for the management, handling, and disposal of hazardous waste in India, controlling waste from generation to final disposal?

28. Soil pollution by Lead () poses a major human health threat, especially in children, primarily because it:

29. The discharge of untreated wastewater containing toxic heavy metals like Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury into rivers and streams primarily originates from which major source?

30. Global Warming Potential () is a metric used to compare the warming impact of different greenhouse gases. is calculated based on the gas's ability to absorb infrared radiation and its:

31. The primary health effect of acute exposure to high concentrations of Ozone () in photochemical smog on humans is:

32. Which major source of water pollution is the largest contributor to the pathogen load and the high Biochemical Oxygen Demand () in rivers and lakes?

33. Solvent-free reactions (or solid-state synthesis) directly address which two major principles of Green Chemistry?

34. The depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer occurs primarily due to the catalytic decomposition of ozone () by free radicals released from which class of compounds?

35. The overall net reaction for the catalytic destruction of ozone by chlorine is:

36. The principle "Less Hazardous Chemical Syntheses" (Principle 3) states that wherever practicable, synthetic methods should be designed to use and generate substances that possess little or no:

37. What is the fundamental difference, in terms of effect, between a substance being a contaminant and a pollutant?

38. The Exhaust Gas Recirculation () system in a vehicle controls emissions by lowering the combustion temperature. Lowering the temperature directly suppresses the formation of which pollutant?

39. Considering the rate of degradation, which of the following is the best example of a non-biodegradable pollutant?

40. Which of the following best encapsulates the core philosophy of Green Chemistry?

41. Acid rain is defined as precipitation with a value less than:

42. Which principle of Green Chemistry states that chemical synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product?

43. Which concept emphasizes that it is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it has been formed?

44. The first step in the ozone destruction cycle catalyzed by a chlorine radical () is represented by the equation:

45. A visible effect of acid rain on the human environment is the damage caused to historical monuments, statues, and buildings made of marble or limestone. This process is called:

46. The use of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi) to break down or detoxify hazardous organic contaminants in contaminated soil or liquid industrial waste is known as:

47. The primary effect of introducing large quantities of biodegradable organic matter (from sewage) into a water body is measured by its:

48. The industrial strategy of using the waste product from one manufacturing process as a raw material in a different industrial process (e.g., using fly ash in cement production) is called:

49. Acid rain is formed when water vapor in the atmosphere reacts with the oxides of Sulphur and Nitrogen. The two primary gaseous precursors are:

50. A common system used to reduce the emission of unburnt Hydrocarbons () / from the fuel tank and carburetor (evaporative emissions) is the: