Class 11 Chemistry — Chapter 14: Environmental Chemistry Online Test

1. Nitric Oxide () plays a catalytic role in the depletion of ozone within the stratosphere, according to the reaction . In this cycle, the then reacts with an oxygen atom () to regenerate the catalyst , completing the cycle. This cycle converts ozone into:

2. Persistent Organic Pollutants () like and are difficult to remove from the environment primarily because they are:

3. The localized phenomenon where acidic particles ( and derivatives) are trapped and concentrated within low-hanging, damp air is referred to as:

4. Green Chemistry is fundamentally defined as the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. Who coined this term and pioneered the concept?

5. The National Green Tribunal () in India was established in 2010 to handle cases related to:

6. The Exhaust Gas Recirculation () system is an emission control technology used to reduce which specific pollutant?

7. For gaseous pollutants, the disposal method that involves passing the gas through a solid material (e.g., activated carbon) to trap the chemical compounds on its large surface area is:

8. Organic load (high and ) and toxic, non-biodegradable synthetic chemicals (e.g., dyes, solvents) are the primary contaminants in the liquid effluent from which industrial sector?

9. Chronic exposure to Cadmium () from contaminated soil and crops can primarily lead to severe damage and dysfunction in which major organ system?

10. Methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome), where the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity is reduced, is a consequence of ingesting contaminated drinking water primarily high in which agricultural pollutant?

11. Organochlorine compounds, such as and Lindane, are highly non-biodegradable and persist in the environment, exhibiting the phenomenon of biomagnification. Which source is the primary origin of these pollutants in aquatic systems?

12. atoms like chlorine and bromine are extremely damaging to ozone because they are:

13. are effective fire extinguishing agents but pose a severe risk to the ozone layer. This class of compounds contains which highly efficient ozone-depleting element in addition to chlorine?

14. What property of allows them to survive the troposphere without being broken down by rain or chemical reactions, enabling them to eventually reach the stratosphere?

15. If the concentration of in the atmosphere is measured at (parts per million) during a smog event, and a sample of of air is collected at , the approximate volume of present is:

16. The major gaseous primary pollutant responsible for the formation of acid rain is:

17. Which characteristic of biodegradable plastics () prevents them from becoming a long-term problem in landfills and the marine environment?

18. Microplastics are fragments of plastic less than in size that are increasingly found in soil. Their primary environmental concern, beyond physical impediment, is their ability to:

19. The increase in radiation due to ozone depletion can weaken the immune system in humans, leading to:

20. A scientist measures the of two rain samples: Sample X has and Sample Y has . By what factor is the hydrogen ion concentration () higher in Sample Y compared to Sample X?

1. The catalytic action in a three-way converter relies on precious metals coated onto a ceramic or metallic honeycomb structure. Which combination of metals is typically used?

2. The Exhaust Gas Recirculation () system in a vehicle controls emissions by lowering the combustion temperature. Lowering the temperature directly suppresses the formation of which pollutant?

3. The large volume of concentrated saline water known as brine, which is discharged and affects the salinity of coastal waters, is a type of industrial liquid waste generated primarily by:

4. Which statement is an inherent goal of Green Chemistry principles?

5. Which of the following is an effective strategy for controlling the emission of Sulphur Dioxide () from large industrial sources like coal-fired power plants?

6. The most significant and successful international agreement designed to phase out the production of ozone-depleting substances () like is the:

7. Supercritical () is an increasingly used green alternative to organic solvents in processes like dry cleaning and chemical extraction because it:

8. In the atmosphere, Nitrogen Dioxide () reacts with water and oxygen to form Nitric Acid (), a key acid rain component. The balanced overall equation for this process is:

9. Persistent Organic Pollutants () like and are difficult to remove from the environment primarily because they are:

10. Which waste minimization technique focuses on changing the raw materials or process steps to reduce the volume or toxicity of the waste stream at the source?

11. The depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer occurs primarily due to the catalytic decomposition of ozone () by free radicals released from which class of compounds?

12. The natural process that temporarily removes or sequesters ozone-depleting chlorine radicals () from the stratosphere, converting them into relatively harmless reservoir species, is the reaction between and:

13. The excessive nutrient load that drives eutrophication primarily stimulates the massive growth of:

14. A major challenge in recycling mixed industrial plastic waste compared to consumer plastic waste is:

15. Which water-borne disease, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, is strongly linked to the consumption of water or food contaminated by raw sewage?

16. Which principle requires that analytical methodologies should be developed to allow for continuous monitoring and control of a chemical process during synthesis to minimize the formation of hazardous substances?

17. The formation of ground-level ozone () in photochemical smog is initiated by the absorption of sunlight by a primary pollutant. The first step involves the photodissociation of:

18. Which of these pollutants, historically used as a pesticide, is the classic example of a compound that undergoes significant biomagnification in both aquatic and terrestrial food chains, leading to detrimental effects on top predators like raptors?

19. The formation of harmful ground-level ozone () in the troposphere requires the presence of which three key components?

20. The principle "Catalysis" (Principle 9) suggests that catalytic reagents are superior to stoichiometric reagents. A catalyst is better because it:

21. A process used to treat liquid waste containing high concentrations of dissolved heavy metals, where a chemical agent is added to convert the soluble metal ions into insoluble compounds that can be filtered out, is:

22. Bioethanol is an alternative fuel produced primarily by the fermentation of sugars derived from crops like corn, sugarcane, or cellulosic biomass. This production method is an application of Green Chemistry that emphasizes the use of:

23. The accumulation of which highly toxic heavy metal in rice paddies, often originating from mine waste and smelting activities, is responsible for the painful Itai-Itai disease (Ouch-Ouch disease)?

24. A key application of Green Chemistry is the replacement of highly toxic heavy metal catalysts (e.g., Lead or Mercury) with more environmentally benign alternatives, such as:

25. Which of the following is the primary gaseous pollutant released from petrol and diesel vehicles that contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone and photochemical smog?

26. In the Antarctic stratosphere, the presence of Polar Stratospheric Clouds () catalyzes which crucial conversion that sets the stage for the ozone hole formation in spring?

27. The term Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in the context of smog formation typically refers to:

28. Principle 6 of Green Chemistry, "Design for Energy Efficiency," primarily suggests that energy requirements for chemical processes should be minimized and, if possible, reactions should be conducted under which specific condition?

29. The term in environmental chemistry that describes the component of the environment (like the atmosphere, soil, or water) which gets affected by the pollutant is known as the:

30. The two primary gaseous pollutants responsible for the formation of acid rain are:

1. Despite the success of the Montreal Protocol, scientists estimate that the stratospheric ozone layer will not return to pre-1980 levels globally until approximately:

2. The depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer occurs primarily due to the catalytic decomposition of ozone () by free radicals released from which class of compounds?

3. The catalytic action in a three-way converter relies on precious metals coated onto a ceramic or metallic honeycomb structure. Which combination of metals is typically used?

4. Pollutants are classified based on their formation into primary and secondary pollutants. Which of the following correctly describes a secondary pollutant?

5. Solvent-free reactions (or solid-state synthesis) directly address which two major principles of Green Chemistry?

6. Which layer of the atmosphere is closest to the Earth's surface, extends up to approximately at the poles, and contains all the air that living organisms breathe?

7. The production of biodiesel from vegetable oils or animal fats via transesterification is a key application of Green Chemistry because it:

8. Which waste minimization technique focuses on changing the raw materials or process steps to reduce the volume or toxicity of the waste stream at the source?

9. Persistent Organic Pollutants () like and are difficult to remove from the environment primarily because they are:

10. Emission standards, such as India's Bharat Stage (BS) norms or Europe's Euro standards, aim primarily to control the quantity of:

11. A major harmful effect associated with the presence of non-biodegradable pollutants in the environment is:

12. The solubility characteristic of many major soil pollutants, such as heavy metals and certain ionic compounds, that makes them non-leaching (i.e., less likely to wash away) is:

13. Which of the following is the primary gaseous pollutant released from petrol and diesel vehicles that contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone and photochemical smog?

14. Considering the rate of degradation, which of the following is the best example of a non-biodegradable pollutant?

15. The National Green Tribunal () in India was established in 2010 to handle cases related to:

16. Which concept emphasizes that it is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it has been formed?

17. Photochemical smog is most likely to occur in geographical areas characterized by:

18. Minamata disease is a neurological syndrome caused by severe poisoning from which heavy metal, often accumulating in fish and shellfish?

19. How does the release of Chlorofluorocarbons () cause the depletion of stratospheric ozone ()?

20. Eutrophication is the rapid aging of a lake due to an excessive increase in primary production. This process is triggered mainly by the input of Nitrates () and Phosphates () originating from which cause?

21. The primary advantage of replacing fossil fuel vehicles with electric vehicles () in terms of air quality control is the elimination of:

22. Supercritical () is an increasingly used green alternative to organic solvents in processes like dry cleaning and chemical extraction because it:

23. The formation of harmful ground-level ozone () in the troposphere requires the presence of which three key components?

24. The Environment (Protection) Act of 1986 was enacted by the Indian Parliament primarily in response to which major industrial disaster?

25. Which category of pollution is characterized by the excessive accumulation of nitrates and phosphates in surface water bodies, often leading to the excessive growth of algae?

26. atoms like chlorine and bromine are extremely damaging to ozone because they are:

27. The most significant contamination source associated with the large-scale disposal of municipal and industrial waste (landfills) that ultimately affects soil is:

28. The industrial strategy of using the waste product from one manufacturing process as a raw material in a different industrial process (e.g., using fly ash in cement production) is called:

29. The primary source of Sulphur Oxides () emissions globally is the combustion of:

30. In addition to skin cancer and cataracts, increased radiation is harmful to polymer materials and paints used in construction and vehicles, causing them to:

31. The discharge of wastewater containing extremely toxic and non-biodegradable heavy metals like Lead (), Chromium (), and Mercury () into aquatic systems is characteristic of pollution from:

32. Which heavy metal impurity, if present in fuel, will permanently poison and render a vehicular catalytic converter useless?

33. When untreated domestic sewage is discharged into a river, the initial effect on the river's Dissolved Oxygen () concentration is:

34. are effective fire extinguishing agents but pose a severe risk to the ozone layer. This class of compounds contains which highly efficient ozone-depleting element in addition to chlorine?

35. Green Chemistry is often summarized by its reliance on 12 Principles. These principles aim to make chemical synthesis processes:

36. A major difference between Classical Smog and Photochemical Smog in terms of the main source of precursors is:

37. Eutrophication, the condition of oxygen depletion in water bodies, is mainly initiated by the runoff of excess plant nutrients. The primary source of these Nitrates () and Phosphates () is:

38. Heavy metal sludge (a semi-solid, viscous waste) containing high concentrations of , and is the characteristic solid waste from which type of operation?

39. Microplastics are fragments of plastic less than in size that are increasingly found in soil. Their primary environmental concern, beyond physical impediment, is their ability to:

40. The most efficient way to reduce the impact of stratospheric pollution by and is:

41. Closed-loop recycling for industrial wastewater is a waste minimization technique that achieves:

42. The process of Biomagnification is characterized by the pollutant concentration increasing sequentially in which part of the ecosystem structure?

43. The term industrial effluent specifically refers to which type of industrial waste?

44. The industrial concept that emphasizes designing products for easier reuse, repair, and recyclability at the end of their life cycle is known as:

45. The Greenhouse Effect occurs when certain atmospheric gases trap heat by:

46. Ocean acidification is a direct consequence of increasing atmospheric . The chemical reaction that causes the ocean's to drop is the reacting with water () to form:

47. What is the fundamental role of the stratosphere's ozone layer () concerning the planet's energy budget?

48. The use of certain persistent herbicides in agriculture can damage the soil by:

49. A cyclone separator (or cyclone collector) is primarily used in industries to remove which type of pollutant from a gaseous stream?

50. In water quality testing, a Biochemical Oxygen Demand () value greater than which amount generally indicates a highly polluted water source unsuitable for sustaining fish life?